triumph they shall not obtain. The widows' weeds worn in these provinces will tell you the state of the war better than all you heard in Madrid.'” Not content with the wholesale murders thus carried into execution on women and children of the adverse party, the democrats in the Spanish great towns resolved to take the work of the butcher in their own hands, and enjoy in their own persons the exquisite pleasure of putting to death their captive enemies. At Zaragoza, thirteen monks were murdered; at Cordova, several convents burnt: at Valencia the mob were only appeased by the sacrifice of six Carlists, who were massacred in cold blood. At Barcelona, the atrocities were still more frightful.

"On the afternoon of the 25th July, 1835, a mob, arrayed in various bands, each headed by a leader in disguise, paraded the streets with cries of Away to the Convents!' and 'Death to the friars!' and forthwith proceeded from words to deeds. Six convents (namely, those of the Augustins, of the Trinitarians, of the two orders of Carmelites, of the Minims, and of the Dominicans) were blazing at once, and soon were reduced to heaps of smoking ruins; while eighty of their unfortunate inmates perished, some burned in the buildings, others poniarded, and others again beaten to death with clubs and stones. Some escaped through the exertions of the artillery corps, and a few by mingling in disguise with the crowd. Three hundred friars and clergymen took refuge in the castle of Monjuich, and as many more in the citadel and fort Atarzanzas. The military meanwhile paraded the streets, but remained perfectly passive, having received orders not to fire on the populace. Llauder, the captaingeneral, fled into France, and left the city virtually in the power of the rabble."

Subsequently the savage temper of the Barcelona liberals was evinced in a still more memorable manner:

flesh were cut from his mangled and palpitating body, and eagerly devoured by the vilest and most depraved of women. From the citadel the mob proceeded to the hospital, where three of the inmates were butchered; and from the hospital to the fort of Atanzares, where fifteen Carlist peasants shared the same fate. In all, eightyeight persons perished.

"This deliberate massacre of defenceless prisoners, and the worse than fiendish excesses committed on their remains, satisfied the rioters for the first day; but, on the next, they presumed to proclaim that fruitful parent of innumerable murders-the constitution of 1812. This was too much to be borne. Even then, however, two hours elapsed before a dissenting voice was heard; when a note arrived from Captain Hyde Parker, of the Rodney, who not long before, in obedience to the orders of a peaceful administration, had landed fifteen thousand muskets in the city. His offer to support the authorities against the friends of the obnoxious constitution was not without effect. The leaders of the political movement were allowed to embark on board the Rodney, and the tumult subsided, rather from being lulled than suppressed. No punishment whatever was inflicted on the murderers and cannibals of the first day; their conduct, perhaps, was not considered to deserve any.

"It was expected that when the riots of Barcelona were known at Zaragoza, the rabble of the latter city would have broken out into similar excesses; but the authorities had recourse to the same disgraceful expedient to appease them which had proved successful before. They ordered four officers, a priest, and two peasants, reputed Carlists, to be strangled, and thus prevented the populace from becoming murderers, by assuming that character themselves."

The humane philanthropists of the capital were not behind their provincial brethren in similar exploits.

"The first victim was a Franciscan friar who happened to be on the street. A report was then spread that the Jesuits had advised the deed; and the senseless mob, frantic for revenge, rushed to the college. The gate having been forced open, the first person who entered was one dressed in the uniform of the urban-militia, who told the students to quit the house, as it was not in search of them that they came.

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"On the 4th of January, 1836, a crowd assembled in the main square, and, with loud imprecations and yells of revenge, demanded" the lives of the Carlist prisoners confined in the citadel. Thither they immediately repaired, and, not meeting with the slightest resistance from the garrison, scaled the walls, lowered the draw-bridge, and entered the fortress; their leaders holding in their hands lists of those whom they had predetermined to massacre. When the place was completely in their possession, the leaders of the mob began to read over their lists of proscription, and, with as much deliberation as if they had been butchers selecting sheep for the knife, had their miserable victims dragged forward, and shot one after another, in the order of their names. The brave Colonel O'Donnel was the first that perished. His body, and that of another prisoner, were dragged through the streets, with shouts of Liberty!' The heads and hands were cut off, and the mutilatedspatched, knives were added to the murderous trunks, after having been exposed to every indignity, were cast upon a burning pile. The head of O'Donnel, after having been kicked about the streets as a foot-ball by wretches who mingled mirth with murder, was at last stuck up in front of a fountain; and pieces of

Instantly the college was filled with an armed mob, thirsting for blood, and the massacre began. Professor Bastan was bayoneted, and Father Ruedas stabbed to death. The professor of history and geography, Father Saun, was next murdered, and his head beat to pieces with clubs and hammers. The professor of rhetoric was dragged from his hidingplace, and that he might be the sooner de

weapons which had been before employed. Another master, endeavouring to escape, was fired upon by an urbano; and as the shot missed, he was bayoneted in the back. Three in disguise escaped into the streets, hoping by this means to save their lives; but they were

murdered by the mob, to whom regular communications were made of what was passing inside the building. On every side were heard the groans of the dying, the screams of those who were vainly endeavouring to escape, the discharge of muskets, and the exulting shouts of the murderers. The students had been driven from these scenes of horror; but several returned, in the hope of befriending their masters. One child threw his slender form over the prostrate body of his preceptor, and shared in the wounds under which he breathed his last.

ciones, or endowments, for professors who taught rhetoric, philosophy, &c., besides keeping schools open for the poor. They also supplied curates when wanted, and their preachers are considered the best in Spain.

"Without entering into the question of the legality of these suppressions, or pointing out the folly of a government proceeding to such extremes that is not sure of its own existence for half a year, it may be stated, that all the expedients resorted to in our Henry VIII.'s time to bring the monastic orders into disrepute, have been practised by the Spanish liberals, "In one house perished fifteen individuals, and have failed. On the 19th January, 1836, assassinated in the most barbarous manner by the monks in Madrid were driven out of their those actually employed and armed to keep convents at two o'clock in the morning, withthe public peace, some in regimentals and out the slightest regard to age or infirmity. others in disguise. The provincial regiment After being grossly insulted and reviled, of Granada then formed part of the Madrid several were waylaid in the streets by the rayo, garrison; and the officers and men belonging or thunderbolt party, and cudgelled in the most to it, who were not passive spectators, appeared unmerciful manner. The measure of ejectamong the murderers. The death of their ment was simultaneously carried into exevictims was not sufficient to satiate the fury cution wherever the government could enforce of the rioters: some had their entrails torn out, its commands; the great object in view being others were dragged through the streets with to seize on money, plate, and valuables. ropes round their necks, and acts of cannibal- "The liberals have appointed commissions to ism were perpetrated so abominable and dis-receive the. confiscated property, and the same gusting that is impossible to enter into their abuses occur as in 1822. One instance will loathsome details. The Franciscan convent suffice in the way of illustration. The convent and other places were the scenes of similar of St. John of God, at Cadiz, well known to atrocities. These unhappy victims of ruthless many of our countrymen, formerly fed and liberalism perverting to its own ends the blind- clothed a large number of poor; and its memness of the multitude, had taken no part in bers, being mostly medical men, attended the politics; their only crime was that they were sick and administered medicine gratis. The clergymen and instructors of youth." relief afforded by this institution was incalculable; and yet its funds, economically administered, and added only by voluntary donations, were sufficient to satisfy every claim. The liberals took its administration upon themselves; and the persons intrusted with it soon grew rich and had their boxes at the theatre. They had profits on the contracts for provisions, medicine, and other supplies. The amount of relief afforded was also diminished; and yet, at the end of the first year, the ordinary funds were exhausted, and the new administrators obliged to make public appeals to the humane."

Amidst these hideous atrocities, the Madrid liberals, and the Cadiz and Barcelona cliques, have steadily, and amidst the loud applause of their hungry dependents, pursued the usual selfish objects of democratic ambition. All useful establishments, all which relieved or blessed the poor were rooted out, new offices and jurisdictions were created in every direction, numberless commissions were issued; and the well-paid liberals began to roll in their carriages, and keep their boxes at the opera. The property of the Church, which in Spain is literally the endowment at once of education and the poor, was the first to be rooted out. Its character and usefulness is thus described by our author:

"The convents in Spain are not like those which we had among us in Catholic times; and their suppression will necessarily excite indignation, besides giving rise to great abuses. They mostly partook of the character of the hospice, particularly in the northern provinces. To the peasants they often served as banking establishments, and greatly favoured agricultural improvements. The friars acted as schoolmasters, advocates, physicians, and apothecaries. Besides feeding and clothing the poor, and visiting the sick, they afforded spiritual consolation. They were considerate landlords and indulgent masters. They were peace-makers in domestic broils; and if a harvest failed, they supplied the seed that was to be confided to the earth the next year. They also provided periodical ainusements and festivities, which the peasant will see abandoned with regret. Most of the convents had funda

The destitution thus inflicted on the clergy, and misery on the poor, has been unbounded.

"The suppression lately ordained by the Christino government may be called a general one, and the number of establishments to which it had extended at the end of last September, was estimated at 1937, leaving 23,699 ejected inmates, whose annual maintenance, if paid at the promised rate, would not be less than 400,000l."

The creation of new jurisdictions, and the extirpation of all the ancient landmarks, was as favourite an object with the Spanish as it had been with the French, or now is with the English revolutionists.

"The plan for the territorial divisions was also put forward. It may be here proper to to observe, that formerly Spain was divided into fourteen sections, unequal in extent and population. It was now proposed to divide the territory, including the adjacent islands, into forty-nine provinces, or districts, taking the names of their respective capitals, except Na

varre, Biscay, Guipuscoa, and Alava, which | voluntarily joined their standards to those of a were to preserve their ancient denominations. power which had begun the infamous system The principality of Asturias was to become of giving no quarter, and despite all the efforts the province of Oviedo. Andalusia was to be parcelled out into seven provinces; Aragon, into three; New Castile, into five; Old Castile, into eight; Catalonia, into four; Estremadura, into two; Galicia, into four; Leon, into three; Murcia, into two; and Valencia, into three. To each it was wished to give as near as possible a population of 250,000 persons; and the census taken in 1833, amounting to 12,280,000 souls, was taken for a standard. A new magistrate, called sub-delegate, was to be appointed to each province, and act under the immediate orders of the minister Del Fomento."

of the Duke of Wellington's mission, had resumed it, and was prosecuting it with relentless rigour. They marched along with those exterminating bands, into valleys where they had burned every house, and slaughtered every second inhabitant, and clothed in weeds every mother and sister that survived. They marched along with these execrable bands, without any condition, without either proclaiming for themselves, or exacting from their allies any other and more humane system of warfare. By their presence, however inefficient they may have been on the Biscayan shore, they have prolonged for two years, beyond the period when it would otherwise have terminated, the heart-rending civil war of Spain. If the 20,000 English and French auxiliaries, who retained an equal force of Carlists inactive in their front had been removed, can there be a doubt Don Carlos would have been on the throne, and peace established in Spain two years ago? How many thousand of Spanish old men and women have been slaughtered, while Evans virtually held the hands of their avenging heroes? We have thus voluntarily ranged ourselves beside a frightful exterminating power; can we be surprised if we are met by the severities which his atrocities have rendered unavoidable? We have joined hands with the murderer; though we may not have ourselves lifted the dagger, we have held the victim while our confederates plunged it in his heart, and can we be surprised if we are deemed fit objects of the terrible law of retri

And it is to support SUCH A CAUSE that the Quadruple Alliance was formed, and Lord John Hay, and the gallant marines of England sent out, and 500,000l. worth of arms and ammunition furnished to the revolutionary government! Lord Palmerston says all this was done, because it is for the interest of England to promote the establishment of liberal institutions in all the adjoining states. Is it, then, for the "interest of England" to establish universal suffrage, a single chamber, and a powerless throne, in the adjoining countries, in order that the reflection of their lustre there may tend to their successful introduction into this realm Is it for the interest, any more than the honour of England, to ally itself with a set of desperadoes, assassins, and murderers, and to promote, by all the means in its power, the extinction of liberty in those seats of virtuous institutions-the Basque provinces? What has been the return which the liberals of Lis-bution? bon have made for the aid which placed their Do we then counsel aid to Don Carlos, or puppet on the throne, and gave them the com- any assistance to the cause he supports? Far mand of the whole kingdom? To issue a from it: we would not that one Englishman decree raising threefold the duties on every should be exposed to the contagion of the hidespecies of British manufacture. A similar ous atrocities which the revolutionists have result may with certainty be anticipated, after committed, and to which the Carlists, in selfall the blood and treasure we have wasted, and defence, have been driven in every part of more than all the character we have lost, from Spain. What we counsel is, what we have Evans's co-operation, if he shall succeed in never ceased to urge ever since this hideous beating down the Carlist cause; because the strife began in the Peninsula: Withdraw altourban democracy, which will then be estab-gether from it: Bring home the marines, the lished in uncontrolled power, will be neces-auxiliaries, the steamboats; send no more arms sarily actuated by the commercial passions or ammunition from the Tower; declare to the and jealousy of that class in society.

Christinos, that till they return to the usages One word more in regard to the Durango of civilized war we will not send them another decree, on which such vehement efforts have gun under the quadruple treaty. It is a woful been made to rouse the sympathy and excite reflection, that our vast influence with the rethe indignation of the British people. None volutionary government, after the quadruple can deplore that decree more than we do; none alliance, was perfectly adequate, if properly can more earnestly desire its repeal; and if exerted, to have entirely stopt this exterminatour humble efforts can be of any avail, we im- ing warfare. But what must be our reflection, plore the counsellors of Don Carlos, for the when we recollect that we have actually supsake of humanity, to stop its execution; to ob- ported it! And if hereafter a band of Cos tain its repeal. But when it is said that it is sacks or Pandours shall land on the coast of such a stain upon the cause of the Spanish Kent, to perpetuate a bloody strife in the realms Conservatives, as renders their cause unworthy of England, to support the savage excesses of of the support of any good man, we are prompt- an Irish civil war, and spread mourning weeds ed to ask what cause did the English merce- and wo through every cottage in England, it naries go out to support? Was it the cause is no more than we have done to the Biscay of civilized, humane, legalized warfare? No! mountaineers, and no more than what, under it was that of murder, robbery, and plunder, of a just retribution, we may expect to endure massacred babes and weltering valleys, of from some equally unjust and uncalled-for agconflagration, rapine, and extermination. They gression.

WELLINGTON.*

Mr Lord Provost, and gentlemen, I am | pression by its own weapons-because, the not sorry this meeting is not unanimous-destined champion of freedom, he conquered truth is, in the end, always best elicited by it by the forces with which itself was assailed? the conflict of opposite opinions, and those (Enthusiastic cheering.) Gentlemen, I thank who came here to record their sentiments of you for the patience with which you have the merits of the Duke of Wellington need heard me-it was what I expected from the never fear the freest discussion or the most fair dealings of Britons; and in what I have searching inquiry. (Applause.) The gen- to say on the character of the Duke of Weltlemen who are of an opposite way of think-lington, I hope I shall not utter a sentiment ing were entitled to express their opinions. I which will not find a responsive echo in every have done my utmost to obtain for them a fair British heart. (Loud cheering.) My lord, it hearing-they have received it-their motion is difficult to say any thing original on a topic has been put and seconded-it has been carried on which national gratitude has long since against them by a large majority-and I now poured forth its encomium, and genius every expect from the fair dealing of the opponents where exhausted its eloquence, and regarding of the Duke of Wellington, the same patient which, so marvellous in the glory it has to rehearing which we have given to them. (Loud count, even the words of truth may seem to be cheers.) Gentlemen, I agree with part of gilded by the colours of panegyric. (Loud what has been said by the mover of the coun- cheers.) Gentlemen, if I were inclined to do ter resolution proposed at this meeting. I ad- so, I have been anticipated both in prose and mit that war is a calamity, I deplore the fright- verse, and I gladly avail myself of the words ful miseries which in every age have attended of a noble lord, whose heart I know is with its footsteps, and I ardently wish from the bot- this meeting, and which proves that he has intom of my soul that the progress of religion herited from his long line of ancestors not only and knowledge may eventually extinguish its a taste for the splendour but the real spirit of horrors, that social conflicts may be carried the days of chivalry.* (Loud cheers.) “A on with the weapons of truth and argument, Cæsar without his ambition-a Pompey with and not by fields of slaughter, and that the out his pride-a Marlborough without his blood-stained glory of the conqueror may here- avarice-a Frederick without his infidelity, he after be a tale only of the olden timé. (Loud approaches nearer to the model of a Christian cheers from the Chartists.) But, gentlemen, hero than any commander who has yet appearyou are to recollect that these blessings are ed among men." (Loud cheers.) Gentlemen, only the hope of the philanthropist-those I will not speak of his exploits, I will not times have not yet arrived-these blessings are speak of Asia entranced by his valour, nor only yet in prospect, even to the most enthu- Europe delivered by his arm. I will recount siastic friends of human improvement, and far his career in the lines of the poet, to which I less had these principles emerged in the days am sure all present will listen with delight, if of Napoleon. It was neither by the school- not from their concurrence in the sentiments, master nor the press; neither by education at least from their admiration of the language. nor knowledge, that the legions of that mighty "Victor on Assaye's eastern plain, conqueror were to be withstood. (Loud ap- Victor on all the fields of Spain! plause.) A tyranny, compared with which all Welcome! thy work of glory done, Welcome! from dangers greatly dared, that is now experienced or shared by men was From nations vanquished, nations spared, as dust in the balance, then pressed upon the Unconquered Wellington." world, crushing nations by its weight-enslaving mankind by its chains. Against this tremendous power, reason, religion, compassion, and humanity, were alike impotent,-the cries of humanity were answered by discharges of artillery-the groans of the innocent by charges of cuirassiers. Are we to blame Wellington then? Is it a stigma on his name, because thrown into an age of Iron, he combated op

*Speech delivered at Glasgow, February, 1840. when proposing the erection of a monument to the Duke of Wellington in that city, in a public meeting called for that purpose. The cheers and interruptions are given as they appeared in the report of it next day, as the meeting was very stormy, from a strong body of Chartists who had taken possession of the centre of the room and endeavoured to drown the speaker's voice, which they had done with the two immediately preceding speakers; and a great part of the speech bore reference to or was occasioned by these interruptions.

(Loud cheers.) But, my lord, it is not the military glories of Wellington, on which I wish to dwell. They have become as household words amongst us, and will thrill the British heart in every quarter of the globe as long as a drop of British blood remains in the world. It is the moral character of the conflict which I chiefly wish to illustrate, and it is that which I trust will secure the unanimous applause of even this varied assembly. (Loud cheers.) He was assailed by numbers-he met them by skill; he was assailed by rapine-he encountered it by discipline; he was assailed by cruelty-he vanquished it by humanity; he was assailed by the powers of wickedness-he conquered

* Lord Eglinton.

myriads of Russians, Austrians, Germans, and Spaniards, who were crowding to the Rhine, the Alps, and the Pyrenees?" (Enthusiastic cheers.)

them by the constancy of virtue. (Immense | from the Russian lines, which announced the applause, mingled with cries of “ No, no," from victory of Salamanca. (Cheers.) And when the Chartists.) Some of you, I perceive, deny the Russian army were marching in mournful the reality of these moral qualities; but have silence round their burning capital, and the you forgot the contemporaneous testimony of midnight sky was illuminated by the flames of those who had received his protection, and ex- Moscow, a breathless messenger brought the perienced his hostility? Have you forgot that news of the fall of Madrid-(cheers)—and the that hero who had driven Massena at the head revived multitude beheld in the triumph of of an hundred thousand men with disgrace out Wellington, and the capture of the Spanish of the war-wasted and desolate realm of Por- capital, an omen of their own deliverance and tugal, was hailed as a deliverer by millions the rescue of their own metropolis. (Enthuwhom he protected and saved, when he led his siastic cheers.) Nor were the services of the triumphant armies into the valleys of France? Duke of Wellington of less vital consequence (Enthusiastic cheering.) If his career was in later times. When the tide of victory had attended with bloodshed, it was only because ebbed on the plains of Saxony, and European such a calamity is inseparable from the path freedom quivered in the balance, at the Conalike of the patriot-hero, as of the ravaging gress of Prague, it was Wellington that threw conqueror; the slaughter of the unresisting his sword into the beam by the victory of Vitnever stained his triumphs; the pillage of the toria, it was the shout of the world at the deinnocent never sullied his career.-Prodigal of livered Peninsula which terminated the indecihis own labour, careless of his own life, he sion of the cabinet of Vienna. (Great apwas avaricious only of the blood of his soldiers; plause.) Vain would have been all the subhe won the wealth of empires with his own sequent triumphs of the allies-vain the good sword, but he retained none but what he thunder of Leipsic and the capture of Paris, received from the gratitude of the king he had if Wellington had not opposed an irrepressible served and the nation he had saved. (Loud barrier to the revived power of France on the cheers.) My lord, the glory of the conqueror plains of Flanders. For what said Napoleon, is nothing new; other ages have been dazzled when calmly revolving his eventful career in with the phantom of military renown; other the solitude of St. Helena? "If Wellington nations have bent beneath the yoke of foreign and the English army had been defeated at oppression, and other ages have seen the ener-Waterloo, what would have availed all the gies of mankind wither before the march of victorious power. It has been reserved for our age alone to witness-it has been the high prerogative of Wellington alone to exhibit-a more animating spectacle; to behold power applied My lord, I have spoken now only to the only to the purposes of beneficence; victory moral effects of the military career of Wellingmade the means of moral renovation, conquest ton. I will not speak of his political career. become the instrument of national resurrec- A quarter of a century has elapsed since his tion. (Cheers.) Before the march of his vic-warlike career terminated, and we now only torious power we have seen the energies of the feel its benefits. (Loud groans from the Chartworld revive; we have heard his triumphant ists.) A quarter of a century hence, it will be voice awaken a fallen race to noble duties, time enough for the world to decide upon his and recall the remembrance of their pristine civil career. (Cheers intermixed with loud glory; we have seen his banners waving over groans from the Chartists.) Gentlemen, (turnthe infant armies of a renovated people, and ing to the Chartists,) I well know what those the track of his chariot-wheels followed, not marks of disapprobation mean-you mean we by the sighs of a captive, but the blessings of feel the effects of Wellington's career in the a liberated world. (Enthusiastic cheers, weight of the public debt. (Yes, yes, and loud mingled with cries of “No, no,” from the Chart- cheers from the Chartists.) What! did the ists.) My lord, we may well say a liberated duke create the national debt? Was there world; for it was his firmness which first op-none of it in existence when he began his posed a barrier to the hitherto irresistible career? It was made to his hand-it was waves of Gallic ambition; it was his counsel which traced out the path of European deliverance, and his victories which reanimated the all but extinguished spirit of European resistance. (Cheers.) My lord, it was from the rocks of Tores Vedras that the waves of French conquest first permanently receded; it was from Wellington's example that Russia was taught the means of resisting when the day of her trial arose; it was from his counsels that there was traced out to the cabinet of St. Petersburgh the design of the Moscow campaign (cheers); and it was the contemporaneous victories of the Duke of Wellington that sustained the struggle of European freedom in that awful conflict. When the French legions, in apparently invincible strength, were preparing for the fight of Borodino, they were startled by the salvos

fixed upon us by Napoleon's powers, and in what state would you now have been, if, when you had the national debt on your backs, you had had the chains of France about your necks? (Rapturous applause, and the whole meeting standing up vociferously cheering, with the exception of the Chartists.) Gentlemen, I have seen what a commercial city suffers from the ambition of Napoleon. I have seen a city once greater and richer than Glasgow, when it had emerged from twenty years of republican conquest. I saw Venice in 1815, and I saw there a hundred thousand artisans begging their bread in the streets. (Renewed and long-continued cheering.) Gentlemen, there is not a hammer that now falls, nor a wheel revolves, nor a shuttle that is put in motion, in Glasgow, that its power of doing so is not owing