circumcision,' upon Gentile converts on pain of excommunication; although, according to the hypothesis of the decree, he had himself solemnly renounced any such pretension! The truth is that instead of a willing and full admission of Gentile freedom by the apostolic body at Jerusalem, anxious only about the continued fidelity of Jewish converts, there was an unquestionable disposition on their part to make the full privileges of Christianity dependent on an unreserved acceptance of Jewish customs by Gentiles. Only thus can we explain the continued conflict pervading the Pauline epistles.

1 That circumcision was expressly included in the requisition is rendered indubitable by the sequel.-Gal. v. 2, 11; vi. 12.

2 In the 2nd century Justin Martyr declares his dissent from those who allowed only the alternative of observance or excommunication. Trypho, ch. 47.

THE END.

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