1. 20. without idolizing them. His (Grenville's) idol, the Act of Navigation,' p. 124.

1. 34. real, radical cause. See note to p. 188, 1. 3.

P. 200, 1. 18. will go further ... fact and reason. For the fact alluded to, see p. 142, and for the reason, p. 115, ante.

P. 201, 1. 19. consult the genius, &c. the genius of the English constitution.' graph.

Chatham was fond of 'consulting
Notice the method of the para-

1. 34. roots of our primitive constitution. From which the representation of the Commons naturally sprang. Burke is correct, and in his time such a view implied some originality.

P. 202, 1. 3. gave us at least, &c., i. e. the liberties secured by Magna Charta gave the people at once some weight and consequence in the state, and this weight and consequence were felt in Parliament when the people attained distinct representation.

1. 9. your standard could never be advanced an inch beyond your privileges; i. e. the privileges of the Pale. See Hallam's Const. Hist., ch. xviii.

1. 11. Sir John Davies. Discoverie of the true Causes why Ireland was never entirely subdued until the beginning of his Majestie's happy reign.' 4to., 1612. Davies was in this year made Speaker of the first Irish House of Commons. He was afterwards Lord Chief Justice of England. He is still remembered as the author of a curious metaphysical poem on the Immortality of the Soul, and as a legal reporter.

1. 32. strength and ornament. The most indulgent critic will complain that this is carrying the argument too far.

1. 33. formally taxed her. Queen Elizabeth attempted to tax the Irish landowners by an Order in Council, which was resisted. On the question of the competency of the Parliament of England to tax Ireland, see the last pages of Hallam's Constitutional History.

P. 303, l. 14. my next example is Wales. Perhaps it is not generally known that Wales was once the Ireland of the English Government.' O'Connell, Speech at Waterford, August 30, 1826. He applies to Ireland, with much ingenuity, all that Burke here says of Wales. O'Connell also quoted this part of the Speech at length in his Speech at the Association, February 2, 1827. The 'strange heterogeneous monster, something between hostility and government,' he marked as an epitome of Irish history-I love to repeat it.'

1. 20. put into the hands of Lords Marchers. See Scott's The Betrothed,' and the Appendix to Pennant's Tour in Wales. The conquest of Wales by ordinary military operations having been found impossible, the kings of England granted to these lords 'such lands as they could win from the Welshmen.' The first conquests were made in the neighbourhood of the great frontier towns; and the lords were 'suffered to take upon them such prerogative and authority as were fit for the quiet government of the country. No actual

records of these grants remain, as the writs from the King's Courts did not run into Wales, nor were there any sheriffs to execute such writs. The towns of Wales grew up around the castles of the Lords Marchers. They executed the English laws, for the most part, within their lordships; but where the ancient laws of the land were sufficiently ascertained, they seem to a certain extent to have respected them: there being in many lordships separate Courts for the Welsh and English. The text must not be understood to imply that the governments by Lords Marchers was established by Edward I. On the contrary, after Edward II was made Prince of Wales, no more Lordships Marchers were created, and no Lord Marcher could claim any liberty or prerogative more than they had before, without a grant. These lordships were held of the King in chief, and not of the principality of Wales.

1. 25. secondary. Lat. secundarius, a deputy, alluding to the delegation of the supreme power to him during a state of war.

P. 204, 1. 17. fifteen acts of penal regulation. In addition to those specified by Burke, no Welshman might be a burgess, or purchase any land in a town, 2 Henry IV, c. 12 and 20. No Welshman was to have any castle or fortress, save such as was in the time of Edward I, except bishops and temporal lords.

P. 205, l. 15. day-star-arisen in their hearts. 2 Peter i. 19. The image is forced; but we forget the discordance in the admirable quotation which follows.

1. 18. simul alba nautis, &c. Hor. Odes, Lib. I. xii. 27.

1. 34. shewen—the third person plural of 'shew.'

P. 206, 1. 26. What did Parliament, &c. Notice the method of the paragraph.

P. 207, 1. 13. Now if the doctrines, &c. Burke's argument would be weightier if he were not obliged to abandon it when confronted with the question How can America be represented in a British Parliament ?'

P. 208, l. 12. Opposuit natura. Juv. x. 152. Canning borrowed this quotation in his eloquent speech on the Roman Catholic Disability Removal Bill, March 16, 1821.

1. 28. Republick of Plato... Utopia of More (pronounce Moore). Oceana of Harrington. Adam Smith and many others class the Utopia and the Oceana together as idle schemes. Nothing, however, can be more contrary than the spirit of the works of Plato and More on the one hand, and of Harrington on the other. More's work is pervaded by Greek ideas, and, like Plato's Republic, was intended to form a bright artificial picture, with the view of exhibiting more clearly by contrast the dark mass of contemporary realities. Beyond this, both works contain much sound sense and many practical suggestions. The 'Utopia,' even in its English dress, is a fine model of the method of composition. The Oceana' is quite a different thing. It is a complete, pragmatical scheme of what Burke calls 'paper government,' constructed as if human beings were so many counters, and

·

the human soul some common machine: the work of an ingenious but unimaginative man, who knew too much of history, and too little of the nature of men.

1. 30. and the rude swain, &c. Comus, 1. 633, slightly misquoted.

P. 209, l. 18. temple of British concord. A grand and appropriate image. There is an allusion to the Temple of Concord at Rome, so celebrated in the story of the Conspiracy of Catiline. Cp. p. 231, The sacred temple consecrated to our common faith.'

P. 210, 1. 9. like unto the first. St. Matt. xxii. 39.

1. 16. by lack whereof... within the same. These words were, by an amendment which was carried, omitted in the motion.

1. 21. Is this description, &c. A paragraph in Burke's best style. The copiousness of thought and the economy of words are equally remarkable, and both contribute to the general effect of weight and perspicuity.

1. 26. Non meus hic sermo, &c. Hor. Serm. ii. 2. 3.

...

1. 28. homebred sense. 'The 'squire . . . had some homebred sense.' Third Letter on Regicide Peace..

1. 31. touch with a tool the stones, &c. Exodus xx. 25.

1. 33. violate... ingenuous and noble roughness. A curious reminiscence of a passage in Juvenal. See Sat. iii. 20.

P. 211, 1. 1. guilty of tampering. Absolutely used, in the old and classical sense, not noticed in Johnson 'variis remediorum generibus curam morbi tentare.' (Bailey.) So in the pamphlet on the State of the Nation the 'injudicious tampering' of the ministers at one time, is contrasted with their supine negligence at another.

1. 5. not to be wise beyond what was written. τὸ μὴ ὑπὲρ ὃ γέγραπται ppover. St. Paul, 1 Ep. to Cor. iv. 6. Whether Burke is the author of this elegant mistranslation, which has now become a classical phrase, or whether he adopted it from some English divine, I cannot say. The authorized translation seems to be correct, though Professor Scholefield supports that given by Burke. That he is resolved not "to be wise beyond what is written" in the legislative record and practice.' App. from New to Old Whigs.

1. 6. form of sound words. 'Religiously adheres to "the form of sound words." App. from New to Old Whigs. (St. Paul, 2 Tim. i. 13.) P. 213, 1. 2. Those who have been pleased. Alluding to Grenville. See

P. 128.

Public opinion in EngThe extent in which the

P. 215, 1. 17. passions of the misguided people. land was certainly in favour of American taxation. English people were overwhelmed with taxes, and the difficulty of devising new ones, should not be forgotten.

1. 27. this state = statement, the sense which the word properly bears in the phrase 'state of the case.'

1. 34. on that solid basis. Cp. p. 152, 'on this solid basis fix your machines.'

...

P. 220, 1. 8. and to provide for Judges in the same. These words were also, by an amendment which was carried, omitted in the motion.

P. 221, l. 16. Ought I not from hence to presume, &c. Ingeniously brought in to vindicate the middle line taken by the Rockingham administration.

P. 222, 1. 3. mistake to imagine, &c. Arnold says of Popery, that men 'judge it naturally from the tendency of its most offensive principles; supposing that all men will carry their principles into practice, and ignorant of the checks and palliatives which in actual life neutralise their virulence.' On Christian duty of conceding the Roman Catholic Claims. Macaulay more than once refers to this variation between theory and action; once at great length in the Essay on Hallam's Constitutional History. There is a remarkable passage much to the same effect at the close of Jeremy Taylor's second sermon on the Miracles of the Divine Mercy.'

1. 14. We give and take—we remit some rights, &c. Of one thing I am perfectly clear, that it is not by deciding the suit, but by compromising the difference, that peace can be restored or kept.' Letter to Sheriffs of Bristol.

1. 16. As we must give away, &c. To enter fully into this bold and just analogy refer to vol. ii. p. 70.

1. 21. The purchase paid = purchase-money. So the Spectator, No. 152: 'Short labours or dangers are but a cheap purchase of jollity, triumph, victory,' &c. Cp. Europ. Sett. in America, vol. ii. p. 197: 'Not aiming at a sudden profit, he (Penn) disposed of his land at a very light purchase.' Young's Night Thoughts: 'Insolvent worlds the purchase cannot pay.'

immediate jewel of his soul. From Burke's favourite play, Othello, Act iii. Sc. 5. Cp. p. 2, Reputation, the most precious possession of every individual.' So in Fourth Letter on Regicide Peace, ‘Our ruin will be disguised in profit, and the sale of a few wretched baubles will bribe a degenerate people to barter away the most precious jewel of their souls.'

1. 22. ‘a great house is apt to make slaves haughty.' Juvenal, Sat. v. 66: 'Maxima quaeque domus servis est plena superbis.'

1. 27. But although there are some, &c.

1. 33. what we are to lose-i. e. what we

Cp. note to p. 51, l. 13. stand the risk of losing.

To draw them without perse

P. 223, 1. 2. cords of man. Hosea xi. 4. cuting the others, by the cords of love into the pale of the Church,' &c. Bolingbroke, Diss. on Parties, Letter ii.

1. 4. Aristotle. Ethics, Book I. See note, p. 254, ante.

1. 12. which is itself the security, &c. Similarly, on the subject of Jacobinism, Burke points out that the large masses of property are natural ramparts which protect the smaller ones.

1. 31. promoted the union of the whole. Burke lived to see this pleasant state of things reversed, and to approve the abolition of a separate Irish legislature.

P. 224, 1. 25. Experimentum in corpore vili. This well-known saying seems to have had its origin from an anecdote of Muretus. He was attacked by

sickness when on a journey, and two physicians, who attended him, supposing him some obscure person, agreed to use a novel remedy, with the remark, Faciamus periculum in anima vili.' Muretus tranquilly asked, 'Vilem animam appellas, pro qua Christus non dedignatus est mori?' (Menagiana, 3rd ed. p. 129.)

1. 29. fatal in the end to our Constitution. Burke apprehends that the taxation of the mother country, following such an example, might escape the direct control of Parliament.

P. 225, 1. 8. back door of the Constitution-i. e. through a Select Committee.

P. 227, 1. 21. A Treasury Extent-a writ of Commission for valuing lands to satisfy a Crown debt.

P. 228, 1. 19. full of hazard—' periculosae plenum opus aleae,' Hor. Lib. ii. Carm. I.

P. 229, 1, 8. richest mine, &c. Mr. Hallam, comparing the grants of revenue before and after the Revolution, says: The supplies meted out with niggardly caution by former parliaments to sovereigns whom they could not trust, have flowed with redundant profuseness, when they could judge of their necessity, and direct their application.' Const. Hist. ch. xv.

1. 14. Posita luditur arca. Juvenal i. 90.

15. time of day of history. Used from the time of Shakspeare in more than one metaphorical sense.

=

1. 29. stock capital.

1. 32. voluntary flow of heaped-up luxuriance. He that will milk his Cattle, must feed them well; and it encourages men to gather and lay up when they have law to hold by what they have.' N. Bacon (Henry VIII). So Lord Brooke, Treatise of Monarchie, sect. x.:

'Rich both in people's treasures and their loves;

What Midas wish, what dreams of Alchimy

Can with these true crown-mines compared be?'

Burke's metaphor is borrowed from the wine-press. The 'mustum sponte defluens antequam calcentur uvae' was highly valued by the ancients, and is still prized in some varieties of modern wine. Among the many excellent parts of this speech, I find you have got many proselytes by so cleverly showing that the way to get most revenue, is to let it come freely from them.' Duke of Richmond to Burke, June 16, 1775.

P. 230, l. 16. Ease would retract, &c. It should be 'recant.' Par. Lost, iv. 96. Quoted by Mr. Gladstone from Burke, April 12, 1866.

1. 30. immense, ever-growing, eternal Debt. The debt immense of endless gratitude.' Par. Lost, iv. 53.

1. 32. return in loan . . . taken in imposition. See note to p. 103, 1. 23. P. 231, l. 11. enemies that we are most likely to have. France and Spain, then usually allied against England. The interests of France in the West Indies were at this time great and increasing.

1. 15. For that service, for all service, &c. No passage affords a more

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