and inflexibility. The second kind is when the nose has a sharp ridge, and the parts on both sides make acute angles with each other. The cheek-bones are not seen, con, sequently the muscular parts between them and the nose are full and prominent. The lips retreat on each side the mouth, assume or open into an oval, and the jaw-bones come to a point at the chin."-(This face denotes a mind more subtle, active, and intelligent.)

66

"I must here, the better to explain myself, employ the simile of two ships; the first a merchant vessel, built for deep lading, has a broad bottom, and her ribs long and flat. This resembles the broad, flat, countenance, The frigate, built for swift sailing, has a sharp keel or bottom, her ribs forming acute angles. Such is the second countenance. Of these two extremes, the first presents to me the image of the meanest, most contracted, self-love; the second of the most zealous, the noblest, philanthropy."

"I know that nature delights not in extremes; still the understanding must take its departure from these, as from a light-house, especially when sailing in unknown seas. The defects and excesses which are in all the works of nature will then be disco

vered, and one or both the boundaries ascertained.

"On farther examination and application of the above hypothesis, I believe it will extend through all nature. A broad countenance is accompanied by a short neck, broad shoulders, and back, and their known character is selfishness and obtuse sensation. The long, small, countenance has a long neck, small, or low, shoulders, and small back. From such I should expect more justice, disinterestedness, and a general superiority of social feelings.

"The features of man, like his character, are essentially altered by education, situation, intercourse and incidents. Therefore we are justified in maintaining that physiognomy cannot look back to the origin of the features, nor presage the changes of futurity. But from the countenance only, abstracted from all external accidents by which it may be affected, it may read what any given man may be, with the following addition, at most-Such shall be the strength of reason, or such the power of sensualityThis man is too stubborn to be instructed; that so flexible he may be led to good or ill. "We may, in part, from this formation, explain why so many men appear to be born

for certain situations, although they may have rather been placed in them by accident than by choice. Why the prince, the nobleman, the overseer of the poor, have a lordly, a stern, or a pedantic manner; why the subject, the servant, the slave, are pusillanimous and spiritless; or the courtezan, affected, constrained, or insipid. The constant influence of circumstances on the mind far exceeds the influence of nature." -(Far the contrary)—" Although it is certain that innate servility"-(There is no such thing as innate servility. It is true that, under certain circumstances, some are much more disposed than others to become servile)" is very distinct from the servility of one whom misfortune has rendered a servant; like as he whom chance has made a ruler over his brother is very different from one who is, by nature, superior to vulgar souls.

"The unfeeling mind of the slave has vacuity more complete, or if a master, more self-complacency and arrogance, in the open mouth, the projecting lip, and the turnedup nose. The nobler mind rules by the comprehensive aspect, while, in the closed lips, moderation is expressed. He will serve with sullenness, with downcast eyes, and his shut mouth will disdain to complain.

"As the foregoing causes will make durable impressions, so will the adventitious occasion transitory ones, while their power remains. The latter are more apparent than the signs of the countenance at rest, but may be well defined by the principal characteristics of the agitated features; and, by comparison with countenances subject to similar agitations, the nature of the mind be fully displayed. Anger, in the unreasonable, ridiculously struggles; in the self-conceited, it is fearful rage; in the noble minded, it yields and brings opponents to shame; in the benevolent, it has a mixture of compassion for the offender, moving him to repentance.

may

"The affliction of the ignorant, is outrageous; of the vain, ridiculous; of the compassionate, abundant in tears, and communicative; of the resolute, serious, internal, the muscles of the cheeks scarcely drawn upward, the forehead little wrinkled.

"The love of the ignorant, is violent, eager; of the vain, disgusting, is seen in the sparkling eyes, and the forced smile of the forked cheeks, and the indrawn mouth; of the tender, languishing, with the mouth contracted to intreat; of the man of sense, serious, stedfastly surveying the object, the forehead open, the mouth prepared to plead."

"In a word, the sensations of a man of fortitude are restrained, while those of the ignorant degenerate into grimace. The latter, therefore, are not the proper study of the artist, though they are of the physiognomist, and the moral teacher, that youth may be warned against too strong an expression of the emotions of the mind, and of their ridiculous effects.

"Thus do the communicative and moving sensations of the benevolent, inspire reverence; but those of the vicious, fear, hatred, or contempt.

"The repetition of passions engrave their signs so deeply that they resemble the original stamp of nature. Hence certainty may be deduced that the mind is addicted to such passions. Thus are poetry and the dramatic art highly beneficial, and thus may be seen the advantage of conducting youth to scenes of misery and of death.

66

Frequent intercourse forms such a similarity between men, that they not only assume a mental likeness but frequently contract some resemblance of voice and feature. I know several examples of this.

"Each man has his favourite gesture, which might decypher his whole character, might he be observed with sufficient accuracy to be drawn in that precise posture.