University of California.-Through contributions made by charitable persons a hospital equipment has been installed in the main building of the medical department at Second and Parnassus avenues, San Francisco. On the second floor is a welllighted operating room and two wards of 14 beds each devoted to medicine, surgery, and gynecology. On the floor above are wards of 5 and 10 beds for obstetrical cases. University of Southern California.-In 1906 Dr. W. Jarvis Barlow, a member of the faculty, presented to the college and the medical profession a handsome fireproof building costing over $30,000. It now contains the college library of more than 5,000 volumes.

Howard University, Washington, D. C.-The new hospital buildings are located in University Park, adjacent to the college. They will accommodate 200 patients.

Atlanta School of Medicine.-The new building was completed and occupied during the last session (1906-7). New apparatus has been provided to the value of $5,000. With building and grounds, the total investment is variously estimated at from $85,000 to $100,000.

Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons.-Since the publication of the last catalogue, in which mention was made of a considerable sum raised by subscription for the erection of a new building, Mr. Andrew Carnegie has given $15,000 to the institution, in addition to the $10,000 previously given by him.

The magnificent new building of the college was completed, furnished, and turned over to the board of trustees during the past session. This building alone has a floor space of approximately 43,000 square feet and is devoted to didactic teaching and laboratory instruction. As completed and equipped it represents an investment of $100,000.

The Carnegie Pathological Institute, opposite Grady Hospital, contains three large laboratories, with accommodations for 50 students each. Adjacent to it is the new practical anatomy building, fronting 40 feet on Butler street and running back 100 feet.

The pharmaceutical building, two stories high, is used exclusively by the pharmaceutical department. The dental department building, three stories high, is equipped in every respect with the latest improvements used in the teaching of this special branch.

These five buildings, situated on a plat of ground about 2 acres in area, present in every respect the appearance of a university. The estimated value of the grounds, buildings, and equipments is in the neighborhood of a quarter of a million dollars. University of Iowa, College of Medicine.—A fireproof addition to the University Hospital is being erected, which will cost, with equipment, $75,000. This will give the hospital a capacity of 135 beds.

University of Kansas, School of Medicine.-In 1905-6, through the generosity of Dr. Simeon B. Bell, of Rosedale, the university was enabled to form a clinical department at Rosedale, which will measure up to the standard that the university has established for all of its departments. The university now feels that it has such equipment, buildings, laboratories, and teachers that it is in a position to offer to the young men and women of Kansas a thorough medical course. With the class entering September, 1908, the freshman year of college work will be required for entrance, and after that the freshman and sophomore years will be required.

University of Louisville, Ky., has purchased the buildings and grounds of Kentucky University medical department.

Johns Hopkins Medical School.-The Johns Hopkins Hospital occupies a site of about 14 acres immediately adjoining the grounds of the medical school, some of the laboratories of the school being, in fact, directly connected with the hospital. The buildings and grounds of the hospital have cost upward of $2,000,000, and the annual expenditure for maintenance exceeds $200,000. Upon the hospital site have been

in-patients and many thousand out-patients. A clinical building was opened for the use of students in 1904. During the session of 1905-6 a new laboratory was opened for instruction in operative surgery upon animals. Through the liberality of Mr. Henry Phipps a separate out-patient building has been provided for the care of cases of tuberculosis.

Harvard Medical School.-In September, 1906, the medical school removed from its quarters on Boylston street to commodious new buildings on Longwood avenue, distant about a mile from the old building. At the new site the school possesses 26 acres of land. Eleven acres are now occupied by the medical school buildings; the other 15 are reserved for hospitals which, it is hoped, will be built on this ground in the near future. The new buildings are five in number, one of which is designed for administrative and four for laboratory purposes.

University of Minnesota.-The University Hospital for the College of Medicine and Surgery, the gift of the late Dr. A. F. and Mrs. Elliott and Mr. Walter J. Trask, of Los Angeles, Cal., is in process of construction at a cost of about $120,000. The hospital is located on a site of 10 acres overlooking the river and will form a part of the present medical quadrangle. This hospital site was purchased by means of a gift of $50,000 from generous citizens of Minneapolis to the college. Provision for the enlargement of the hospital site and for the acquirement of the land which intervenes between it and the medical quadrangle has already been made by the last State legislature's appropriation of $450,000 for campus extension.

Mississippi Medical College, with Dr. N. L. Clarke dean, opened for its first session in October, 1906, at Meridian, a city which is said to have, with its suburbs, a population of 30,000. The number of students enrolled during the session was 106 (104 men and 2 women). Clinics and surgical operations are furnished at the Mattye Hersee Hospital.

University of Missouri.—Through the generosity of Dr. Pinckney French, the property of the Barnes Medical College of St. Louis has been transferred as a gift to the University of the State of Missouri, to be used for the advancement of medical education in St. Louis.

This property, which is valued at about $300,000, includes the main college building and the Centenary Hospital. The college building is a handsome brick structure, with five stories and basement. It includes several large lecture rooms and laboratories well equipped for instruction and research in the various departments of clinical medicine. It also provides quarters for the Barnes Dispensary, with an attendance of about 12,000 patients annually.

The Centenary Hospital, adjoining the main college building, is a brick building, fireproof, six stories and basement, with capacity for more than 100 patients.

The third and fourth years of the medical course will be given at St. Louis, beginning in September, 1908; the first two years of the course being retained at Columbia. Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.-The four-story building formerly occupied by the Missouri Medical College, having a frontage of 90 feet on Jefferson avenue and running back 135 feet, has been converted into a modern hospital with 100 beds for the reception of patients for teaching purposes.

Nebraska College of Medicine, Lincoln, Nebr., in 1906 purchased a large and valuable property, which was remodeled and used as a lecture hall in 1906-7. In the spring of 1907 the college became the medical department of Nebraska Wesleyan University. University of Nebraska, College of Medicine, gives the course of the first two years at Lincoln, where the literary department is located, and the last two years at Omaha. The student can therefore take a combined course leading to the bachelor's degree at the conclusion of four years and to the medical degree at the end of six years.

The Leonard Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Shaw University, Raleigh, N. C., were established in 1882 and 1890, respectively, for young colored men. The total number of graduates in the school of medicine down to the end of the year 1906 was

235, and in the school of pharmacy 64. These graduates are distributed among the States and foreign countries as follows: Africa, 2; Alabama, 16; Arkansas, 6; British Guiana, 1; British West Indies, 4; California, 1; Colorado, 1; District of Columbia, 3; Florida, 4; Georgia, 23; Illinois, 2; Indian Territory, 2; Kentucky, 1; Maryland, 3; Massachusetts, 5; Mississippi, 2; New Jersey, 7; New Mexico, 1; North Carolina, 87; New York, 2; Ohio, 1; Pennsylvania, 8; Rhode Island, 1; South Carolina, 28; Tennessee, 4; Texas, 3; Virginia, 68; West Virginia, 13.

The bulletin of Shaw University in January, 1907, states that the only applicant for a license from the Virginia State board of medical examiners that received in every subject a rank of 100 per cent was a graduate of the Leonard Medical School. Through the generosity of John D. Rockefeller, esq., of New York City, a central hot-water heating plant has been installed. Shaw and Estey halls and the medical dormitory have been fitted up with pipes and radiators and connected with the power house, and all the rooms are now comfortable, even in the coldest weather.

Cornell University Medical College.-The following estimate of the annual expenses of a candidate for a degree in the medical school of Cornell University, New York City, is based on the statements of students: a

North Carolina Medical College. This institution has been moved from Davidson to Charlotte, where a new building has been erected, conveniently arranged and well equipped for medical instruction, and near the two largest hospitals of the city. Western Reserve University.-In 1906 there was established an endowment fund of $200,000 for a chair of experimental medicine. In the past five years every graduate of Western Reserve Medical School is reported to have had the opportunity of securing a place as resident physician in a hospital, and more than 90 per cent of the graduates have filled such positions.

University of Oregon.-A substantial addition to the college building, containing a commodious amphitheater and greatly increased laboratory space, was completed in September, 1906, and valuable additions to the laboratory apparatus have been made. Temple College Medical School, Philadelphia, Pa., has inaugurated a four-year day course, instead of the former evening course.

Medico-Chirurgical College, Philadelphia.-The Maternity and Children's Hospital, which is now being constructed on the northeast corner of Eighteenth and Cherry streets, will be one of the handsomest and most striking buildings of the institution. The college is fortunate in having recently secured the commodious building at 1609 Arch street for use as a club house or "home" for undergraduate students, alumni, teachers, and all others interested in the institution. On the first floor is a large reception or meeting room, and a still larger refectory where students will be provided with food of better quality and at lower prices than in the average boarding house. University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine.-The building for the laboratories of pathology, physiology, and pharmacology is two stories in height above a high basement, and measures 340 feet front by nearly 200 feet in depth. The long front faces north, securing a maximum amount of light for laboratory purposes.

Besides numerous laboratories, research rooms, etc., there are four lecture rooms in the building, two of these being demonstration rooms with a seating capacity of 185, the others being lecture rooms with a seating capacity of 400. The building is entirely fireproof, of the most modern construction, supplied with power, electric light, and many kinds of accessories for promoting the teaching and research work. Tennessee Medical College.-A new college building has been erected near the large mills, manufactories, and railroad shops of Knoxville, where clinical material is supplied by a large industrial population. A new hospital building has also been erected near the medical college, having four large wards besides the private wards and operating rooms.

The College of Physicians and Surgeons, of Memphis, Tenn., held its first session in 1906-7. The building erected for the purposes of the school is situated directly opposite the city hospital.

University of Texas.-In order to promote medical education among worthy and ambitious women, several scholarships and fellowships have been established. Mr. George W. Brackenridge, of San Antonio, has endowed a scholarship with bonds to the amount of $5,000, the woman making the highest attainment each year being entitled to $240. Another scholarship of $200 has been awarded several years by Miss M. Eleanor Brackenridge, of San Antonio, to the woman making the second highest average. Eight other scholarships of $200 each have been provided for women students. Three fellowships, paying $700 each, have been provided for women who have specialized in chemistry, biology, and other subjects in which women can give assistance in the medical department.

University of Vermont.-In December, 1903, the building which had been occupied by the medical department for twenty years was destroyed by fire. A new building was begun in August, 1904, and completed in January, 1906. The new building, located on the site of the old building, at the north end of the college green, is a beautiful and substantial structure, 170 feet long, 75 feet wide, and three stories high. It is built of red brick with gray terra-cotta trimmings, is fireproof and heated by steam.

DENTAL SCHOOLS.

The Dental Department of University of California suffered the loss of its infirmary and equipment during the conflagration April 18 to 21, 1906. This necessitated the reestablishment and reequipment of the infirmary and laboratories, which was done in the building occupied by the department at the affiliated colleges, First and Parnassus avenues. At a special session of the legislature in 1906 an appropriation of $8,840 was voted to reequip the department. This financial assistance, together with current funds, enabled the department to reequip thoroughly with every modern facility and convenience necessary to carry on the dental education.

Removing the infirmary to the affiliated colleges brings all of the departmentspractical, scientific, and philosophical-in one building, adjoining the buildings occupied by the medical department and University of California Hospital and the pharmacy department. The new location promises a greater progress than any change made by the department in a number of years. On January 1, 1907, the board of regents of the University of California assumed the entire management of the department, which will create a closer affiliation and coordination of the work of the entire university.

VETERINARY SCHOOLS.

New York State Veterinary College is located at Ithaca, on the campus of Cornell University. While the university does not undertake any financial responsibility for the buildings, equipment, or maintenance of the college, it does consent to furnish instruction upon such subjects as are or shall be in its curriculum upon such terms as may be deemed equitable.

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By further acts of the legislature provisions for the buildings, equipment, and maintenance of the college were made, and finally in 1897 it was enacted that the trustees of Cornell University should be intrusted with the administration. The buildings for the State veterinary college are seven in number. The main building is 142 feet by 42 feet and three stories high.

By a gift of $5,000 to Cornell University for the purpose, the Hon. Roswell P. Flower in 1897 laid a broad foundation for a thoroughly good working veterinary library. In order to insure the permanent usefulness of this library, Mrs. Flower in 1901 gave $10,000 for an endowment fund, the annual income from which is to be used for the purchase of books.

Veterinary School of University of Pennsylvania.—The importance of establishing a department of veterinary medicine in connection with the university was originally urged by Dr. Benjamin Rush as far back as 1807, but no definite steps were taken to found such a department until the academic year of 1883-84, when a suitable site was procured, the necessary buildings erected, and a dean and faculty appointed.

An important step in the development of the department was taken recently, when the trustees of the university purchased a plat of ground on Thirty-ninth street extending from Woodland avenue to De Lancey street and comprising 55,000 square feet. Plans are completed for a thoroughly equipped building to accommodate the various divisions of the department, and a large part of this building is now in course of erection. This portion of the building will be ready for use in 1907.

For the present the clinical work, farriery, dissecting, and some lectures are provided for in a temporary building on Woodland avenue east of Thirty-ninth street, while in the new laboratories of the department of medicine unsurpassed facilities exist for the prosecution of practical work.

USEFULNESS AND NEED OF THE SMALLER MEDICAL SCHOOLS.

Dr. Willis G. Tucker, for twenty-five years registrar of the old and honored institution of medicine in the city of Albany, N. Y., claims that the real worth and effectiveness of an institution does not depend upon the value of its buildings and apparatus or the population of the city in which it is located. In his opening address at the Albany Medical College, September 24, 1907, he says:

Having observed the advantages that in the industrial world accrue from combination and the annihilation of competition, and learned that profit depends upon increased output, diminished cost of production, and control of the market, it has seemed to some fair to assume that the larger schools should be able to afford better educational facilities, and these at a lower cost than the smaller ones, and that these, therefore, ought to be strengthened, since they would seem to be destined in time to extinguish their weaker and less favored competitors. We are often told that the small college will have to go, and so convincing appear many of the arguments of those who hold this view that it is not surprising that they find ready acceptance among philanthropic millionaires who are seeking for channels into which they may turn some of their surplus wealth. But what are in reality the results of this concentration, which produces in some cases a kind of monopoly, and what may we expect them to be in the future, are questions well worth raising. This rather startling fact I think is one of them, that our richest and most liberally endowed colleges and universities are the most expensive to the student, and that in proportion to their gain in wealth the cost of attendance upon them increases. In other words, large capital, extensive plants, and increasing patronage do not seem to reduce the cost of the educational output. Now, can it be said that the larger institutions give so much better a return that the greater cost to the student is simply proportional to its real value? This view might be urged with some show of reason, for while it is a simple matter to determine the value of the material output of a manufacturing concern, it is by no means easy to estimate moral and intellectual values. When much of the money given goes into unendowed and often unequipped buildings which can only be maintained by calling upon alumni and friends for aid, or by raising tuition and other fees, we can understand why many colleges are property poor and constantly begging.