the war in 1865. Of these, 304 had been perpetrated since the first of January. These crimes were attributed to political differences, and a spirit of intolerance toward sentiments of "loyalty" to the Government. "Many of the persons murdered," said a majority of the committee, "were loyal men, and were murdered for their loyalty." This was denied in a minority report submitted some days later, though prevalence of crime in many parts of the State was admitted. The result of the investigation took the form of a resolution, appointing two commissioners to proceed to Washington and lay before Congress "the condition of lawlessness and violence prevalent in this State, and urge the immediate necessity for action on the following matter:

"1. The adoption of some law or regulation that will secure the filling of all State provisional offices with competent and loyal incumbents.

"2. The organization of loyal militia, to be placed under the direction and control of the loyal provisional authorities of Texas."

At about the same time, a resolution was passed appropriating $25,000, and placing the same at the disposal of the Governor, "to enable him to offer suitable rewards for the arrest and apprehension of the desperadoes who were disturbing the peace of the community, and to "ferret out their hiding-places." This resolution was forwarded to General Buchanan for his approval, and returned with the following objections:

"1. He [the commander] is unable to find in the reconstruction acts of Congress, under which the convention assembled, any thing which authorized it to appropriate the money of the State for the purpose specified in said declaration.

"2. This is properly a subject for legislation, and should be left to the consideration of said Legislature.

"3. The declaration appropriates $25,000 to be used as above stated, with a proviso with reference to a military commission, which its author doubtless intended as a gratuitous insult to the commanding general of the Fifth Military District, by coupling it with conditions intended to reflect discreditably upon his administration of its civil affairs."

The proviso mentioned was in these words: Resolved, That no part of the same shall be used unless the military commander of the District of Texas shall first be authorized to organize military

commissions for the trial of offenders.

The Democratic Convention, which met on the 6th day of July, at Bryan, also appointed a Committee on Crime and Lawlessness, and a report was published which contained the views of the better portion of the conservative people of the State. They did not deny the prevalence of crime, but admitted it "with sorrow." They did, however, differ with the committee of the Constitutional Convention with regard to the causes of this unfortunate state

66

of things. These causes were stated to be: 1. The general demoralization resulting from the war, and the absence of any government, civil or military, for several months after the conclusion of the war, and the sudden disbandment of a large number of Federal and Confederate soldiery," who were thus released from military restraint at a time when the checks of civil law were also wanting; 2. The "disorders had been increased in many localities by taking the execution of the laws from the civil authorities, without replacing them by any other power; "3. The "inefficiency of judicial and ministerial officers appointed by the military authorities;" and, 4. The "changed condition of society resulting from the emancipation of the negroes, the indolent habits and thievish disposition evinced by them, and the turbulent spirit which they have manifested, instigated by bad and designing men, and in many instances supported by the officers of the Freedmen's Bureau."

The committee denied that freedom of speech and of political sentiment was not allowed in the State, and intimated that a liberal and efficient government was all that was needed in Texas. In the midst of these investigations on crime and lawlessness, a riot occurred at Millican, in which several persons lost their lives. An armed band of negroes, with a parson" at the head, set forth on an expedition of vengeance for the supposed hanging of a negro in the Brazos valley, and came in collision with the sheriff and his posse, who attempted to preserve the peace. This occurred on the 15th of July.

After the restoration of Louisiana to her place in the Union by the act of Congress of June 25th, Texas alone formed the Fifth Military District, and on the 28th of July General J. Reynolds was assigned to the command. On the 24th of August, the following was addressed to the president of the convention: HD'QRS, FIFTH MILITARY DIS'T, STATE OF TEXAS, Į AUSTIN, TEXAS, August 24, 1868. Hon. E. J. Davis, President Constitutional Concer tion, Austin, Texas:

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of a resolution of the convention, passed on the 9th inst., asking my approval of an additional appropriation of $25,000 to defray expenses.

The convention has been in session about eightyfive days, and has expended an appropriation of $100,000.

The present state of the Treasury, the rate at which money is coming in, and the prospective current wants of the State, forbid the appropriation of any more money from the Treasury for the expenses of

the Constitutional Convention.

accordingly adjourned from the 31st of August to the first Monday in December.

The Democratic party in Texas held a convention on the 7th of July, and took steps to organize its forces for the presidential campaign. Electors were nominated, a platform adopted, and an address to the people was published. The following are the principal resolutions contained in the platform:

2. That we acquiesce in good faith in the abolishment of negro slavery, the repudiation of the war debt of the State, and its abandonment of the doctrine of secession as a peaceable remedy for State grievances, as results of the war finally settled, and do not propose to disturb or change the result.

3. That it is our purpose to adhere in good faith to our renewed allegiance to the Constitution and Government of the United States, and to cultivate fraternal good-will with the people of all parts of the country; and we repel with indignation the charges of disloyalty falsely made against us by the radical party for the purpose of perpetuating military despotism over us, and as a pretext for the disfranchisement of those who do not agree with their political opinions, and to maintain themselves in political power, in disregard of right and of the popular will. 4. That we earnestly desire the restoration of the Constitution of the United States to its original supremacy and vigor, and the faithful enforcement of the Federal laws within their sphere in all the States of the Union; that we earnestly seek to be restored to all the rights of local self-government; that we earnestly desire the reestablishment of the civil law administration by constitutional courts, and to see its supremacy established over the military; that we are unalterably opposed to the consolidation of the powers of the Federal Government in the legislative department, or to the encroachment of the legislative upon the executive and judicial departments; that we deplore the unlimited and irresponsible military despotisms which now exist in the States of the American Union, and we earnestly appeal to the people of the States now represented in Congress, to remove the odious and oppressive tyranny from over us; that we declare the practical operation and usual effect of the Freedmen's Bureau established amongst us, is to cultivate and stimulate discontent, with both the white and black races, and calculated to promote differences of opinion and contests between the races, which may prove more disastrous to both, and highly injurious to the whole country. That we declare it to be our deliberate conviction that there exists no necessity for continuing the disfranchisement of any portion of the white people of the Southern States, and that the continued disfranchisement of the large number of intelligent classes now deprived of political rights, while the rights of suffrage and the holding of office are conferred upon all the negroes, must, in the nature of things, endanger the stability of government, the peace and security of society, and prove destructive to good order and happiness amongst us. That we entertain no feelings of illwill or hostility to the negro race amongst us, and that we desire to see them protected by the laws of the State in all their rights of person and of property, and will do whatever we can to promote their improvement in knowledge and virtue, this being alike necessary for the general welfare, and for the happiness of both races.

5. That we adhere to the constitutional doctrine that the power to regulate the question of suffrage in the States, rests exclusively with the States themselves, and we therefore deny that Congress has any constitutional power whatever to enact laws on that subject.

The Republicans also held a convention, but carrying their disagreement on the ab initio

question into this body, they divided into two factions, and finally adjourned without making any nominations.

The Democratic State Central Committee published a circular under date September 28th, in which it was claimed that the laws provided for the holding of an election for presidential electors in every State, and that there was nothing to prevent the people of Texas from exercising the right. As no provision had been made by the State authorities for the regular holding of such election, the people were "advised and earnestly recommended to assemble peaceably at their usual voting-places, appoint a presiding officer, and proceed to cast their votes for electors of President and VicePresident." It was "particularly and urgently advised that, in organizing the polls, casting the votes, and in making returns, the law be strictly complied with." This circular was submitted to General Reynolds, with a letter reing, "in the event that the general commanding questing him to order the election, and suggestshould doubt his power, and decline to order the election," that "the laws of the State of Texas as now in force are broad enough to authorize the people of the State to assemble at their usual voting-places and appoint the necessary officers to conduct the election." In reply, General Reynolds transmitted to the chairman of the committee the following extract from Special Orders, No. 44:

Special Orders, No. 44.

HD'QRS FIFTH MILITARY DIST, STATE OF TEXAS,
AUSTIN, TEXAS, September 29, 1868.
[Extract.]

IV. The following Act of Congress, passed the 20th of July, 1868, is published for the information and guidance of all concerned:

Joint Resolution excluding from the Electoral College votes of the States lately in Rebellion which shall not have been reorganized.

Resolved, etc., That none of the States, whose inhabi tants were lately in rebellion, shall be entitled to repre sentation in the electoral college for the choice of Presi dent or Vice-President of the United States, nor shall any electoral votes be received or counted from any of such States, unless, at the time prescribed by law for the choice of electors, the people of such State, pursuant to the Acts of Congress in that behalf, shall have, since the 4th day of March, 1867, adopted a constitution of State government, under which a State government shall have been organized, and shall be in operation; nor unless such election of electors shall have been held under the authority of such constitution and government, and such State shall have also become entitled to representation in Congress, pursuant to the Acts of Congress in that behalf: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to apply to any State which was represented in Congress on the 4th day of March, 1867.

No election for electors of President and VicePresident of the United States will be held in the State of Texas, on the third of November next. Any assemblages, proceedings, or acts for such purpose are hereby prohibited, and all citizens are admonished to remain at home, or attend to their ordinary business on that day. By command of

*

*

*

Brevet Major-General J. J. REYNOLDS. The State of Texas accordingly took no part in the presidential election of 1868.

The Constitutional Convention reassembled early in December, and spent upward of two

months in completing its work. The question of declaring null ab initio all the legislation of the State between March, 1861, and May, 1865, was again brought up, and the proposition to provide for the division of the State now took a prominent place in the discussions. Both these measures failed to receive the sanction of a majority of the delegates. The constitution itself was completed, and it was determined to submit it to a vote of the people in July, 1869. The following are the most peculiar features of the Bill of Rights:

That the heresies of nullification and secession, which brought the country to grief, may be eliminated from future political discussion, that public order may be restored, private property and human life protected, and the great principles of liberty and equality secured to us and our posterity, we declare that

SECTION 1. The Constitution of the United States, and the laws and treaties made, and to be made, in pursuance thereof, are acknowledged to be the supreme law; that this constitution is framed in harmony with, and in subordination thereto; and that the fundamental principles embodied herein can only be changed subject to the national authority.

SEC. 2. All freemen, when they form a social compact, have equal rights; and no man, or set of men, is entitled to exclusive separate public emoluments or privileges.

SEC. 21. The equality of all persons before the law is herein recognized, and shall ever remain inviolate; nor shall any citizen ever be deprived of any right, privilege, or immunity, nor be exempted from any burdens, or duty, on account of race, color, or previous condition.

SEC. 22. Importations of persons under the name of "coolies" or any other name or designation, or the adoption of any system of peonage, whereby the helpless and unfortunate may be reduced to practical bondage, shall never be authorized or tolerated by the laws of the State; and neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been convicted, shall ever exist in the State.

SEO. 23. To guard against transgressions of the high powers herein delegated, we declare that every thing in this Bill of Rights is excepted out of the general powers of government, and shall forever remain inviolate; and all laws contrary thereto, or to the following provisions, shall be void.

The House of Representatives is to consist of ninety members, who shall hold office for a term of two years. The Senators are to be thirtythree in number, chosen for six years. The Legislature will meet annually, and on the second Tuesday after its first assembling it is required to ratify the 13th and 14th articles of the amendments to the Federal Constitution. The Executive Department of the government is to consist of a Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller of Public Accounts, Treasurer, Commissioner of General Land-Office, Attorney-General, and Superintendent of Public Instruction; and the period of their administration is to be four years. The Secretary of State and Attorney-General are to be appointed by the Governor; the other executive officers are to be elected by the people. The judicial power of the State is vested in one Supreme Court, District Courts, and in "such inferior courts and magistrates as may

be created by this constitution or by the Legislature under its authority." The judges of the Supreme Court are to be three in number, appointed by the Governor with the advice of the Senate, for a term of nine years. The district judges are to be appointed in the same manner, to hold office eight years. The quali fications of voters are laid down in the following section:

SECTION 1. Every male person who shall have attained the age of twenty-one years and who shall be (or who shall declare his intentions to become) a citizen of the United States, or who is, at the time of the acceptance of this constitution by the Congress of the United States, a citizen of Texas, and shall have resided in the State one year next preceding an election, and the last six months within the district or county in which he offers to vote, and is duly registered Indians not taxed excepted), shall be deemed a qualifed elector; and should such qualified elector happen to be in any other county situated in the district in which he resides, at the time of an election, he shall be permitted to vote anywhere in the State for State officers; and provided further, that no soldier, seaman, or marine in the Army or Navy of the United States shall be entitled to vote at any election created by this constitution.

The following forms an article by itself on the right of suffrage:

SECTION 1. Every male citizen of the United States, boring under the disabilities named in this constituof the age of twenty-one years and upward, not lation, without distinction of race, color, or former condition, who shall be a resident of this State at the time of the adoption of this constitution, or who shall thereafter reside in this State one year, and in the county in which he offers to vote sixty days preceding any election, shall be entitled to vote for all the people, and upon all questions submitted to the officers that are now, or hereafter may be, elected by electors at any election; provided that no person shall be allowed to vote, or hold office, who is now, or hereafter may be, disqualified therefor, by the Constitution of the United States, until such disqualifica tions shall be removed by the Congress of the United States: Provided, further, that no person, while kept convicted of a felony, or who is of unsound mind, in any asylum, or confined in prison, or who has beeli shall be allowed to vote or hold office.

It is made the duty of the Legislature to provide a system of "public free schools for the gratuitous instruction of all the inhabitants of the State between the ages of six and eightteen years," and to require the attendance at these schools of "all the scholastic population for the period of at least four months in each and every year," unless they are shown to have received regular instructions for a corresponding period from a private teacher having a "proper certificate of competency."

The following are among the "general provisions" of the constitution:

SECTION 1. Members of the Legislature, and all officers, before they enter upon the duties of their of (A. B.) do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfices, shall take the following oath or affirmation: "I fully and impartially discharge and perform all duties incumbent on me as according to the best of my skill and ability, and that I will support the Constitution and laws of the United Stetes, and e this State. And I do further swear (or affirm) that since the acceptance of this constitution by the Con gress of the United States, I, being a citizen of this

State, have not fought a duel with deadly weapons, or committed an assault upon any person with deadly weapons, or sent or accepted a challenge to fight a duel with deadly weapons, or acted as second in fighting a duel, or knowingly aided or assisted any one thus offending, either within this State or out of it; that I am not disqualified from holding office under the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States (or, as the case may be, my disability to hold office under the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States has been removed by

Act of Congress); and further, that I am a qualified elector in this State.

SEO. 3. Any citizen of this State, who shall, after the adoption of this constitution, fight a duel with deadly weapons, or commit an assault upon any person with deadly weapons, or send or accept a challenge to fight a duel with deadly weapons, either within this State or out of it, or who shall act as second, or knowingly aid and assist, in any manner, those thus offending, shall be deprived of the right of suffrage, or of holding any office of trust or profit

under this State.

SEC. 33. The ordinance of the convention passed on the first day of February, A. D. 1861, commonly known as the Ordinance of Secession, was in contravention of the Constitution and laws of the United States, and therefore null and void from the beginning; and all laws, and parts of laws, founded upon said ordinance, were null and void from the date of their passage. The Legislatures which sat in the State of Texas, from the 18th day of March, A. D. 1861, until the 6th day of August, A. D. 1866, had no constitutional authority to make laws binding upon the people of the State of Texas: Provided, That this section shall not be construed to inhibit the authorities of this State from respecting and enforcing such rules and regulations as were prescribed by the said Legislatures which were not in violation of the Constitution and laws of the United States, or in aid of the rebellion against the United States, or prejudicial to the citizens of this State who were loyal to the United States, and which have been actually in force or observed in Texas during the above period of time; nor to affect, prejudicially, private rights which may have grown up under such rules and regulations; nor to invalidate official acts not in favor of the rebellion against the United States, during said period of time. The Legislature which assembled in the city of Austin on the 6th day of August, A. D. 1866, was provisional only, and its acts are to be respected only so far as they were not in violation of the Constitution and laws of the United States; or were not intended to reward those who participated in the late rebellion; or to discriminate between citizens on account of race or color; or to operate prejudicially to any class of citizens.

THALLIUM. At the Herrog-Julius works, near Rammelsburg, Brunswick, is found a mineral containing large proportions of sulphate of zinc and lead. This ore, having been roasted and lixiviated, yields a solution of white vitriol, sulphate of zinc, of 1.441 specific gravity at 24° C. This liquid, which is made in great quantities, is rich in thallium, as compared with most of the sources of the supply of that metal. The following is an analysis of the fluid: Sulphate of zinc...

66

protoxide of manganese.. magnesia...

21.740

8.230

0.717

0.581

0.536

0.443

potash

66

cadmium

0.386

According to Bunsen, thallium is best obtained from this liquor by precipitating, by the metals copper, cadmium, and thallium, means of metallic zinc immersed in the liquor, jointly. The metallic spongy mixture thus obtained is rapidly washed-first with water, by being placed in a bag made of woollen fabric; next, some sulphuric acid is added to the wash water, whereby the metals thallium and cadmium get dissolved with evolution of hydrogen, while copper is left untouched; from the acid solution so obtained, thallium is precipitated, by means of iodide of potassium, as a pure yellow iodide, which is further purified by washing and by decantation; from the remaining liquor, cadmium is precipitated in the metallic state by zinc. One cubic metre of the above liquid yields in a few days 6.4 kilos. of spongy metallic precipitate, containing 4.2 kilos. cadmium, 1.6 kilos. copper, and 0.6 kilo. thallium, 7.4 kilos. of metallic zinc becoming dissolved. The solution of cadmium and thallium in sulphuric acid yields, on addition of 0.5 kilo. iodide of potassium, 0.07 kilo. of iodide of thallium. Thallium may be precipitated from the sulphuric acid solution by means of chlorides, but in so doing a not inconsiderable quantity of the metal is retained by the cadmium. The thallium may be directly obtained from the first liquid at once by precipitation with iodide of potassium, provided previously a sufficient quantity of hyposulphite of soda be added to keep the copper in solution; the application, however, of this latter method interferes with the object for which the liquor is prepared, viz., the making of sulphate of zinc.-Polyt. Centralbl., 1868, No. 10.

Messrs. Hopkins and Williams, of London, have been remarkably successful in the prepametal itself they have obtained in considerable ration of thallium and its compounds. The have also made the chloride, bromide, iodide, masses or a weight as high as 2 lbs. They silicate, phosphate, molybdate, cyanide, oxalate, borate, chromate, acetate, bitartrate, tungstate, and other rare combinations of the metal with different elements, as also the common forms, and a variety of double thallium salts, all in a condition of great purity. Sulphate of thallium they prepared by fusing thallium and sulphur together. They ascertained that sulphide of hydrogen does not precipitate the solutions of the sulphate, nitrate, etc., of thallium, but an abundant precipitate is produced in the solution of the acetate, and, as thus prepared, it can be washed and dried, but, if precipitated by sulphide of ammonium, and the precipitate washed and dried, when approach

ing dryness it will take fire at a very moderate temperature. Messrs. Hopkins and Williams could not succeed in obtaining a permanent sulphide by this process.

Professor J. W. Gunning, M. D., communicates to the London Chemical News his method of extracting thallium from flue-dust gathered from the works at Amsterdam, where pyrites are used for making sulphur. He found the flue-dust to yield about one per cent. of chloride of thallium, the bulk being made up of arsenious and arsenic acid, and some iron and lead, but hardly any sulphuric acid. He says:

It is usual, in order to obtain thallium from this dust, to boil it (the dust) with dilute sulphuric acid, to strain, and to precipitate the thallium by means of hydrochloric acid; the chloride of thallium so obtained is washed and afterward dissolved in strong. sulphuric acid, yielding the well-crystallizing sulphate of thallium. Another plan is, to digest the Hue-dust with a solution of carbonate of soda, and to precipitate the thallium by means of hydro-sulphuret of ammonium. It has struck me, while engaged with this matter, that neither of these methods answers the purpose well; the sulphate and carbonate of thallium are not very readily soluble, and, unless, therefore, one is prepared to lose a portion of thallium, there is no end of boiling the flue-dust with solvents. One must, moreover, bear in mind that the flue-dust contains a portion of the thallium as peroxide, insoluble in soda, and indifferently soluble only in dilute sulphuric acid. The presence of T1.0, in flue-dust is proved in this way; after long treatment with soda solution, there is a brownish muddy mass left, which, when acted upon by sulphurous acid dissolved in water, becomes partly discolored and yields a large proportion of sulphate of thallium. I have applied phosphoric acid to extract thallium from the flue-dust, and I find it answer admirably well. The phosphates of thallium, and especially so the acid phosphate, are among the most soluble of the salts of thallium. Since phosphoric acid itself is rather too expensive to be thus applied, I have substituted therefor a mixture of bone-ash and sulphuric acid, which answered the purpose splendidly it only required to digest and heat the mixture of flue-dust and bone-ash with sulphuric acid, and some water, a sufficiently long time, to render a twice-repeated digestion quite efficient to remove from the lue-dust I had obtained all the thallium it con

tained, amounting to about one per cent. of the whole mass; of course the filtrate was treated with hydrochloric acid. The fluid, from which the chloride of thallium had been separated by filtration, contained, however, yet a considerable amount of thallium dissolved, partly so in consequence of the non-thorough insolubility of chloride of thallium, partly also as thallic salts not precipitable by hydrochloric acid; in order to obtain this portion, sulphite of soda is added to the acid liquid, whereby the thallic salts are reduced to thallous salts, next the acid is pretty nearly neutralized with carbonate of soda, and the thallium compounds afterward precipitated by iodide of potassium as insoluble yellow iodide of thallium.

most athletic man of his class. Before completing his course at the seminary, he offered himself as a missionary to the American Board of Foreign Missions, and was ordained in August, 1819, as a missionary to the Sandwich Island Mission. He sailed with Mrs. Thurston, October 23, 1819, on the brig Thaddeus. The vessel reached the islands March 30, 1820, and Mr. and Mrs. Thurston were assigned to the station at Kailua, Hawaii, the old residence of the kings of the islands. There they resided for more than forty years, until disabled by paralysis, when they removed to Honolulu. Here he spent the few closing years of an eventful life, respected and esteemed, honored and beloved.

tist, and former Governor of Ohio, born at TOD, DAVID, an Ohio statesman, diplomaYoungstown, Mahoning County, February 21, 1805; died at Youngstown, November 13, 1868. He was the son of George Tod, for many years Judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio. He received a careful and thorough early training from his father, and in 1827 was admitted to the Ohio bar. For fifteen years he practised his profession at Warren. In 1838 he defeated his Whig competitor for the State Senate. In 1840 he took the stump for Van Buren, with whom he had previously become personally acquainted. In 1844 he received the nomination for Governor, and was beaten by only one thousand votes. In 1847, President Polk, unsolicited, offered him the appointment of minister to Brazil, which he accepted. He represented the United States at that court until 1852. On his return he took part in the campaign which resulted in the election of Mr. Pierce. In1860 he was chosen a delegate to the Charleston Convention, and elected first vicepresident of that body. When the Southern wing of the Democratic party withdrew at Baltimore, Mr. Tod became presiding officer. He warmly advocated the " peace measures," before and after the meeting of the Congress at Washington, which is known in history as the "Peace Congress." In the Republican State nominating convention of 1862 the choice fell on Mr. Tod as the nominee for Governor of Ohio. He was elected by over 55,000 majority, and gave a firm, unflinching support to the war.

TURKEY. An empire in Eastern Europe. Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Present ruler, Sultan Abdul-Aziz-Khan, born February 9, 1830; succeeded his brother, June 25, 1857. Heir-apparent, Abdul-Medjid-Khan, nephew of the Sultan. The area and population of the empire are estimated as follows:

COUNTRIES.

66

Total.

Asia..

Africa.

The highest officer of administration, or Grand-Vizier, in 1868, was Midhat Pacha; the