the departure from the Thames of two Chilian corvettes, the Chacabuco and the O'Higgins, and at the same time balancing the matter by consenting to the sailing of two Spanish ironclads. The four vessels had suffered detention for some months, owing to the war existing between Spain and the allied republics of the Pacific. After the meeting of Congress, the Minister of Foreign Affairs presented to the Houses all the papers relating to the matter. These throw no new light on the subject, but very bitterly condemn the action of the Peruvian Chargé d'Affaires in London, who formally protested against the consummation of the agreement referred to. This protest made to the English Government showed, it is alleged, to the world the little true feeling of friendship and amity existing between the so-called allied republics. The report of the Chilian Government states that the arrangement entered into is highly advantageous to the allied republics, as they have the privilege of buying and exporting from England material of war to the value of £400,000, the difference in the cost of the Spanish and Chilian vessels, and that Government has already given orders to its agents in London to purchase a monitor which will, by the terms of the convention, be allowed to sail immediately on its completion. The House of Deputies, after two days of warm discussion, adopted the following proposition by a vote of 47 to 8: "The House of Deputies having before them the documents, and having heard the explanations given by the minister, approves the proceedings of the Government in the transaction made in London to liberate the corvettes Chacabuco and O'Higgins."

The Congress of Chili was opened on the 1st of June. The President delivered at the opening the usual message. The main topics upon which it touches are the war with Spain and all relating to it, the affair of the corvettes, and the question of electoral reform. As far as regards the war, the President disbelieves in a renewal of hostilities, and begs that, in consequence, the extraordinary powers granted him by the war statute of 1865 be revoked. The merchants who addressed a protest to the British Government on the subject of the departure of the Chilian corvettes and the Spanish iron-clads may, therefore, rest assured that, so far as Chili is concerned, there is no danger of fresh hostilities. On the question of electoral reform, the President expresses his full adherence to the measures proposed, and recommends them to the consideration of Congress. In August, the Chamber of Deputies accepted, by 42 to 16 votes, a motion by Señor Sanfuentes to impeach the Supreme Court, of which ex-President Montt is president. The impeachment trial created great excitement, the Liberal party sympathizing with the Supreme Court.

The Government had again considerable trouble with the Araucanian Indians. These savages have always been remarkable for their

ferocity, and for a settled determination to repel all advances made by the Government with a view to civilize and improve them. Since the colonization of the country by the Spaniards, the Araucanians have always held their own portion of the republic intact, and only lately has the Government been enabled to take some effectual steps toward opening to commerce and improvement the very valuable territory held by the Indians. On the 25th of April, a small outpost of Chilian troops, numbering one hundred and sixty-nine rank and file, was furiously attacked by six hundred of the savages, the latter armed with their bows, arrows, and spears, and after a sharp combat of some hours the troops were obliged to fly, leaving twenty-five of their number killed and wounded. Among the killed were several officers. The troops, however, inflicted a severe punishment on the Indians before the latter proved too strong for them. As a general movement of the Indians against the frontier settlements was feared, the Government dispatched a column of 1,400 men with a section of artillery to the theatre of war. This division, commanded by Colonel San Martin, an able and experienced soldier, prevented the repetition of disasters.

On August 13th, several places on the coast of Chili, especially Talcahuana, were visited by an earthquake. The damage done was, however, not so great as in Ecuador and Peru (see EARTHQUAKES).

On the 13th of May the first steamer of the line which places Chili in direct communication with Europe, by the way of the Straits of Magellan, sailed from Valparaiso. The line receives a government subsidy of $60,000 annually, which will be increased to $100,000 as soon as the line shall be permanently established.

In accordance with the notice given in 1867, the Government abolished the free-trade treaty with the Argentine Confederation. This treaty, which established a complete exemption from duties in favor of the overland trade, was concluded in 1856, during Montt's administration in Chili, and Urquiza's in the Argentine Republic. The majority of the Chilian press censured the decree abolishing the treaty as prejudicial to both parties.

CHIMNEY, THE TALLEST.-The chimney at the Port Dundas Works, Glasgow, is the tallest chimney and one of the highest masonry structures in existence. In Europe there are only two church steeples, those of the Strasburg Cathedral and of St. Stephen's Church, in Vienna, which, by a few feet, exceed the height of this chimney, and the great Pyramid of Ghizeh was-but is not at present the only other human erection exceeding this great chimney in height. The dimensions of the chimney are total height from foundation, 468 feet; height above ground, 454 feet; outside diameter at the level of ground, 32 feet; outside diameter at the top, 12 feet 8 inches;

thickness at ground level, 7 bricks; thickness at the top, 1 bricks. From this it will be seen that the portion below ground, which contains not only the foundation proper, but also the flues, with their arches and coverings, occupies a depth of 14 feet. The flues are four in number, placed at right angles to each other, so as to form an equilateral cross in the plan; they are of rectangular section, about 7 feet wide, and 9 feet high each, and arched both at the top and bottom. The foundation below these flues is built up from hard bricks, all placed on edge throughout several superposed layers up to the sides of the flues, which are arched and lined with fire-bricks. The masonry above the flues is built with the bricks laid flat in the usual way. The internal diameter at the base is 20 feet, and it gradually contracts toward the top to 10 feet 4 inches diameter. Up to a height of 50 feet there is an internal lining of fire-brick placed within the chimney proper, with an air-space between it and the outer wall. The outline of the whole structure is of extreme simplicity, viz., the form of a truncated cone, without any deviation, ornamentation, or addition. The "batter" is straight from the bottom to the top, and there is no cap" or other protruding ornament at the top. The section is circular throughout. Professor Rankine, in his report upon the stability of this chimney, calculated the maximum pressure of wind which this structure is capable to resist at different horizontal joints, and the figures given by him are as follows:

Height of joint above ground.

360 ft.

280 ft.

200 ft.

120 ft.

40 ft.

66

From this it appears that with the straight outline the line of weakness, or the point of least stability, is somewhere about 200 feet from the ground, and that at this spot the chimney should be thicker, in order to have an equal stability throughout. Yet, as the capability of resistance at any point is in excess of what it will ever be called on to exert, simplicity of construction is more important than the theoretical outline.

The Port Dundas chimney has, during its erection, undergone one of the most interesting and curious operations known in masonry practice, viz., the straightening by sawing the mortar-joints. The mortar in the newly-built portion of the work being still soft and plastic, the pressure of the wind caused a lateral deflection of the column, amounting to 7 feet 9 inches from the vertical at the top. The whole structure was thereby endangered, and, in order to restore its stability, it was necessary to bring it back to the vertical line. The operation of sawing, which was then resorted to, consists in attacking the mortar-joints at the windward side, and to reduce their thickness, so as to compensate for the compression of the mortar

joints at the opposite side, effected by the pressure of wind. The sawing was done by first removing a portion of the brickwork inside the chimney, forming a groove about 14 inches wide half round the interior surface of the chimney. Narrow holes were then cut out by means of chisels, the workmen standing upon the internal scaffolding, and working exclusively from the inside. A saw with a single handle-in reality an old carpenter's saw-was the instrument employed. It was passed through one of the holes cut out so as to work through a horizontal mortar-joint, and it was then worked by hand, removing the mortar, as it proceeded through the joint, through part of the half circle on the windward side. Generally two saws were simultaneously employed, working in opposite directions toward each other. The mortar-joint operated upon was kept wet by a jet of water during the whole process, and the removed brickwork in the interior was replaced by fresh bricks as the sawing proceeded. As soon as the greater portion of any one mortar-joint is sawn through, the effect produced upon the superincumbent mass causes the latter to settle, and a considerable pressure is thereby exerted upon the saw, making it difficult to withdraw. If the precaution is taken to commence sawing at the lowest joints, and proceed in succession to the higher cuts, this difficulty is considerably lessened. In the case of the Port Dundas chimney, sawing was commenced at the top, 128 feet below the chimney-cope, and twelve cuts were made in unequal distances, varying from 12 feet to 49 feet. Judging by the effects produced by each incision, the spots were selected for the next cut by proceeding gradually downward until the last cut, 41 feet from the ground, restored the whole chimney to a perfectly perpendicular position. The chimney after sawing stood more correctly perpendicular than it had been before the action of the storm, and it is now more correct in that respect than the majority of well-built chimneys of much smaller sizes. The operation of sawing occupied nine days, from September 21st till October 1st, 1859, and the chimney has from that date remained in its perfect condition, requiring no further strengthenings or repairs.

CHINA, an empire in Eastern Asia. Emperor, Ki-Tsiang (before his accession to the throne, Tsai-Sung), born April 5, 1855; succeeded his father, Hieng-Fund, August 22, 1861. The estimates of the area of China Proper vary from 1,294,000 to 1,548,000 English square miles; and of the area of the dependencies of China, from 3,012,000 to 3,118,000 English square miles. The total area of China and dependencies is given by Behm (Geograph. Jahrbuch, vol. ii.) as 4,695,334 square miles. The population of China Proper was in 1812 estimated at 361,993,179; in 1842, at 414,686,994; and in 1866, at 450,000,000. The population of the dependencies of China is estimated as follows: Mantchooria, 3,000,000; Mongolia,

3,000,000; Thian-Shan-nanlu and Thian-Shanpelu, together, 1,000,000; Thibet, 11,000,000; Corea, 9,000,000; the Loo-Choo Islands 500,000. The total population of China and dependencies would therefore be about 477,500,000. At the head of the department of Foreign Affairs is Prince Kung, an uncle of the Emperor. The empire is divided into eighteen provinces, each of which has a particular administration, army, and finances. The Chinese army, according to a recent statement (Moger, "Recollections of Baron Gross's Embassy to China and Japan," London, 1860), consists of about 600,000 men, scattered throughout the empire. Besides, there are about 200,000 Tartars at the immediate disposition of the government. The soldiers, when not on duty, practise some trade at their residences, so that it may be said that China has no standing army. The revenue, according to an official report made in 1864, amounted to £63,934,713. The receipts from customs in the ports open to foreign commerce, from 1861 to 1866, were as follows:

the Governments of Europe, has already been announced in the ANNUAL AMERICAN CYCLOPE DIA for 1867. Information, received too late to be made use of in our former volume, shows how this appointment came to be made and accepted. Mr. Burlingame, as American minister, gave the Chinese Government ample proof of his diplomatic ability, and of his sincere friendliness to China. He took the lead in urging the adoption of what is known as the coöperative policy, by which the autonomy of that country has been guaranteed, and the old method of extorting concessions by menace and force has been discarded. He drew up a paper construing the doubtful pas sages in the treaties, which was accepted by all the members of the diplomatic body at Pekin. He successfully opposed the conces sion of territory in the neighborhood of the seaports to foreign powers. He procured, with the assistance of Sir Frederick Bruce, the exclusion of confederate pirates from Chinese waters. He induced the Chinese Government to employ Mr. Pumpelly to make a thorough examination of the coal-mines of Northern China. He procured the grant for the submarine telegraph from Canton to Nintsing. He has constantly aided the missionaries in their work, has used all his influence to promote the study of the European languages and the natural sciences in Pekin, and has induced the Chinese Government to employ foreigners in its custom-houses, and in other departments

of the civil service.

Early in November, Mr. Burlingame informed the Chinese Government that he intended It was attempted, unsuccessfully, to dissuade to resign his post and return to his country. him from this purpose. Finding him resolute, Prince Kung tendered him the compliment of a farewell dinner. All the members of the council of Foreign Affairs were present. Sev eral mandarins spoke of the great service which Mr. Burlingame had done China during his visit to Europe and this country in 1865. Mr. Burlingame answered that he would always be ready to say a good word for their country when the chance should present itself

to him.

The idea of the embassy seems to have been suggested by these speeches. The InspectorGeneral of Customs and the secretary of the British Legation were consulted, and, two days after the dinner, a deputation of high officials waited on Mr. Burlingame, and offered him an appointment as ambassador. He ac

to 1866 was as follows:

bassy "should be placed in all respects on a footing of the highest respectability." Mr. Burlingame placed his resignation minister in the hands of Dr. Williams, his secretary of legation. A week afterward he received his credentials from the hands of Prince Kung. The document is written on yellow silk, and bears the great seal of the empire. With regard to the Chinese officials

who were selected to accompany Mr. Burlingame, dispatches were addressed to the foreign ministers in Pekin, to the effect that the Chinese are novitiates in the art of foreign diplomacy, and that one object in their appointment is to fit them to represent China at the courts of the treaty powers at a future date. The document expresses a strong wish on the part of the Chinese to become better understood by foreign powers, and evinces a desire to enter upon a course of progress.

Mr. Burlingame left Pekin on the morning of November 25th. He was escorted to the gates by all the foreign residents, including his colleagues in the diplomatic body. In his suite were the late Secretary of the British Legation, a French gentleman lately holding a high office in the Maritime Customs, two mandarins, six attachés selected from the new college at Pekin, and some twenty others. The party were compelled to stop at a village about forty-five miles from Pekin, and send to that city for an armed escort to protect them from a formidable band of robbers which was scouring the district. Fortunately, they were not

attacked.

Mr. Burlingame arrived at Shanghai on December 10, 1867, and sailed from there for Europe on February 25, 1868. Before leaving, he made a visit of courtesy to the Viceroy, resident at Nanking. Prior to and during his absence the official proclamation of the creation of the mission and the appointment of Mr. Burlingame was issued, and, during his stay at Shanghai, the high mandarins and government officials in the region round about Shanghai made official calls upon Mr. Burlingame, and manifested in every way the extreme respect and awe in which they held him in consequence of the position in which he had been confirmed, and the unprecedented dignity conferred upon him. It was found impossible to prevent them from prostrating themselves before Mr. Burlingame, and he could only remain passive and receive their attentions. On March 31st, Mr. Burlingame and the other members of the embassy arrived at San Francisco, where they were received with great honors. After a short stay in San Francisco, Mr. Burlingame proceeded to Washington, and entered at once into negotiations for a treaty, containing additional articles to the treaty of June 18, 1858. On the 4th of July, the treaty was signed in Washington; on the 11th it was transmitted to the Senate, which on the 16th ratified it, with but few and slight modifications. The text of the treaty, as ratified by the Senate, is as follows: Additional articles to the treaty between the United States America and the Ta-Tsing Empire, of the 18th of June, 1858.

Whereas, since the conclusion of the treaty between the United States of America and the Ta-Tsing empire (China), of the 18th of June, 1858, circumstances have arisen showing the necessity of additional articles thereto, the President of the United States and the august sovereign of the Ta-Tsing empire having VOL. VIII.-8 A

named for their plenipotentiaries, to wit, the President of the United States of America, Wm. H. Sewof China, Anson Burlingame, accredited as his Envoy ard, Secretary of State, and his Majesty the Emperor Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, and Chih-Kang and Sun Chia-Ku, of the second Chinese rank, associated High Envoys and Ministers of his said Majesty, and the said plenipotentiaries, after due and proper form, have agreed upon the following having exchanged their full powers found to be in articles:"

ARTICLE 1. His Majesty the Emperor of China, being of the opinion that, in making concessions to lege of residing on certain tracts of land, or resorting the citizens or subjects of foreign powers of the privito certain waters of that empire for the purposes of trade, he has by no means relinquished his right of eminent domain or dominion over the said land and waters, hereby agrees that no such concession or grant shall be construed to give to any power or party which may be at war with or hostile to the United States the right to attack the citizens of the United States or their property within the said lands or waters; and the United States, for themselves, hereby agree to abstain from offensively attacking the property, with which they may be at war, on any such citizens or subjects of any power or party, or their tract of land or waters of the said empire; but nothing in this article shall be construed to prevent the United States from resisting an attack by any hostile power or party upon their citizens or their property. It is further agreed that if any right or interest in any tract of land in China has been or shall hereafter be granted by the Government of China to the United States or their citizens for purposes of trade or commerce, that grant shall in no event be construed to diction over persons and property within said tract divest the Chinese authorities of their right of jurisof land, except so far as that right may have been expressly relinquished by treaty.

ART. 2. The United States of America and his Majesty the Emperor of China, believing that the be promoted, agree that any privilege or immunity safety and prosperity of commerce will thereby best in respect to trade or navigation within the Chinese dominions, which may not have been stipulated for by treaty, shall be subject to the discretion of the cordingly, but not in a manner or spirit incompatible Chinese Government and may be regulated by it acwith the treaty stipulations of the parties.

ART. 3. The Emperor of China shall have the right to appoint consuls at ports of the United States, who those which are enjoyed, by public law and treaty, in shall enjoy the same privileges and immunities as the United States by the consuls of Great Britian and Russia, or either of them.

ART. 4. The twenty-ninth article of the treaty of the 18th of June, 1858, having stipulated for the exemption of Christian citizens of the United States and Chinese converts from persecution in China on account of their faith, it is further agreed that citizens of the United States in China of every religious persuasion and Chinese subjects in the United States

shall enjoy entire liberty of conscience and shall be exempt from all disability of persecution on account of their religious faith or worship in either country. Cemeteries for the sepulture of the dead, of whatever nativity or nationality, shall be held in respect and free from disturbance or profanation.

ART. 5. The United States of America and the Emperor of China cordially recognize the inherent and inalienable right of man to change his home and allegiance, and also the mutual advantage of the free migration and emigration of their citizens and subjects respectively from the one country to the other for purposes of curiosity, trade, or as permanent residents. The high contracting parties, therefore, join in reprobating any other than an entirely voluntary emigration for these purposes. They consequently agree to pass laws making it a penal offence