lift, and give 2 gills vitriol; return for 10 minutes; lift, and run through water; again through the iron tub; repeat in the prussiate; raise again with vitriol, and when the required shade is got, lift; 1 water, and finish out of a weak solution of alum.

ROYAL BLUE.-Run upon the cold blue vat, cotton; air out; wash in 2 waters, and sour; then give a run through the iron (nitrate) tub; 1 water, and top with prussiate of potash, 1⁄2 an ounce to the pound of yarn. If the vat is not in good order, or without that convenience, better do this colour with prussiate altogether.

ORANGE. For 40 lbs. 2 lbs. annatto, 24 lbs. bark, 3 quarts muriate of tin. Boil the annatto; put off the boil; enter, and winch till it has a good body; wring out, wash well, wring again, and shake out; then, in a clean boiler, boil the bark in a bag for 15 minutes; add the muriate of tin, and enter; winch at the spring till the required shade is got. ORANGE YELLOW. For 50 lbs. Bottoming, 1 lb. annatto. Dyeing, 5 lbs. bark, quarts muriate of tin. Give the annatto boiling hot; wash in 2 waters; boil the bark, and add the muriate of tin; enter; winch 20 minutes, then wash and dry.

CHROME YELLOW. For 50 lbs. 10 lbs. acetate of lead, 5 lbs. chrome. Dissolve separately, and put each into a tub containing 100 gallons water; enter in the lead first, 4 or 5 turns; wring out; then through chrome; continue from the one to the other till dark enough.

OLIVE.-For 50 lbs. 10 lbs. bark, 2 lbs. logwood, 8 oz. bluestone. Boil the bark in a bag; put off the boil, and enter; winch 20 minutes; lift, and put in the bluestone; return for 10 minutes; lift and wash in 2 waters, and top; give the logwood in another dish; when dark enough, wash and dry.

BUFF. Give nitrate of iron, 6° Twaddle, 150° Fahrenheit; winch in this till full enough, then lift; give 2 waters; raise in a solution of lime, 1° Twaddle; if not dark enough, repeat in the iron tub, then in the lime.

GREEN.-For 40 lbs. Preparation,

nitrate of iron, 4° Twaddle. Dyeing, 1 lb. prussiate of potash, 45 lbs. fustic, 8 oz. extract of indigo. Raising, 1 pint vitriol, 5 lbs. alum. Turn in an iron tub for 20 minutes; wring out; run through cold water lightly, wring and shake well out; dissolve the prussiate; put it into a tub of cold water, 4 or 5 turns; lift, and give 2 gills sulphuric acid; 4 or 5 turns more; run through cold water, and wring out; repeat in the iron and prussiate tubs as before dyeing; give the fustic moderately warm in a clean liquor; turn minutes; lift, and raise in the same liquor with 5 lbs. alum and 6 oz. extract of indigo; winch in this till you get the required shade.

30

FAST CHROME GREEN.-For 56 lbs. 10 lbs. chrome, 5 lbs. acetate of lead. Blue on the blue vat, cotton; wash in 2 waters, and give a warm sour then dissolve, and put the lead and chrome into separate tubs; enter in the lead tub first; wring out; then through the chrome; continue from the one to the other till dark enough.

Vats for Various Colours.— WOAD VAT.-250 gallons water, 170° Fahrenheit, put in 150 lbs. best English woad, well chopped; 9 lbs. best indigo, well ground; 2 lbs. madder; 23 lbs. bran. Rake altogether well up, and the vat ought to assume a green appearance; in 12 or 14 hours, dip a piece of cloth, or a little wool, into the vat; if it dye green, it will turn blue by exposure to the air; rake up, and if it holds the head well up, put in 1 quart of quicklime, and rake again; in 3 hours after, rake again, and if it looks of a greenish yellow, put in 1 quart more of lime; in 3 or 4 hours after, rake again; if the vat looks yellower, use another quart of lime; in an hour after this, if it smells slightly of lime, it has enough; if it smells strongly of lime, it has too much, which may be counteracted by using 11 or 2 lbs. of madder, or by heating the vat; when the liquor is hard, it is of an orange colour, which may be seen by blowing; when it is soft, it appears faint yellow, and throws up a scum. In serving or heating the vat, it should

be raked occasionally, taking care not to disturb the sediment, but merely to bring the liquor to an equal degree of heat; then put in 3 lbs. indigo, and 1 lb. madder; allow it to settle for 12 hours; then, if it looks of a greenish colour, and does not smell of lime, use 1 quart of lime. In all cases, if the vat smells slightly of lime, it is a proof that it has enough; if it smells very strongly of lime, give 1 lb. of potash, and 2 lbs. madder; then, if it smells of lime instead of woad, cool by taking off the covering, and a considerable quantity of the lime will evaporate; heat up again, and put in 30 or 35 lbs. of woad; when hot, rake well up; look at the vat in 6 or 8 hours, if the upper part of the liquor looks yellow, rake up, and if it does not darken, use 2 quarts of lime: when you rake up, stir the bottom at all times, except when heating up; 3 hours is long enough for a woad vat to settle. In dyeing silk or cotton on this vat, it is safest to work it cold, or at most lukewarm.

ASH VAT, Woollen. - 400 gallons water, heat to 170° Fahrenheit, 5 lbs. ground indigo, 10 lbs. American potash, 3 lbs. madder, 4 lbs. bran. Apply a slow fire, and it will come to fermentation in 14 or 16 hours; then add 1 or 2 lbs. madder. In renovating this vat, use more potash in proportion to your indigo, than in setting a new vat. BLUE VAT, Cotton. 140 gallons water, 16 lbs. copperas, 8 lbs. ground indigo, 16 lbs. quicklime. Rake up occasionally for 5 or 6 hours, till all the copperas be dissolved; if the vat be of a greenish yellow colour, consider it in good order; if it assumes a dark green colour, it shows a deficiency of lime; if yellowish, it is short of copperas; after raking, allow 12 hours to settle before working; renovate with copperas and lime, according to the state of the

vat.

PURPLE VAT.-Boil 1 cwt. of the best logwood in 30 gallons of water for 3 or 4 hours, when it will be reduced to 26 gallons; decant the clear liquor into a wood or stone vessel; let it stand till quite cold, and add 56 lbs. purple vat

spirits, 7° Twaddle. In renovating this vat, it is made up with raw muriatic acid till the glass stands as high as when set.

CRIMSON VAT.-Boil 1 cwt. limawood; decant it in the same manner as the last, and add 56 lbs. crimson vat spirits; renovate with killed spirits, 7° Twaddle.

LAVENDER VAT.-50 lbs. Boil 14 lbs. logwood in 10 or 12 gallons water; decant the clear into a 60-gallon tub containing 40 gallons of water; when it is quite cold, add 45 lbs. lavender spirits; rake up occasionally for 3 or 4 hours; next day it will be fit for working, and the glass will stand at 6° Twaddle. This wild dye lilac; add neutralized paste for lavender. Renovate with raw muriatic acid till the glass stands at 6o.

ROSE PINK VAT.-Boil 1 lb. of limawood in 3 gallons water; decant the clear into a tub containing 20 gallons water, and add 5 quarts double muriate of tin; the hydrometer will stand at 7°; renovate with double muriate of tin.

Silk Spirits. NITRO-SULPHATE OF IRON.-2 galls. of 30 lbs. double aquafortis, 24 lbs. copperas. Put the aquafortis into a leaden or stoneware pot; place it near a fire, and add the copperas at 3 or 4 times; if without the convenience of a fire, put in a quart of hot water with the first of the copperas.

NITRATE OF IRON.-2 galls. aquafortis, 5 lbs. old iron. Put this into a 6-gallon pot; add the iron by degrees; and keep it warm, like the last.

SCARLET.-3 lbs. muriatic acid, 3 lbs. pure double nitric acid; add 2 oz. sal ammoniac, and feed with 1 lb. granulated tin.

PURPLE VAT SPIRITS. 4 galls (54 lbs.) marine acid, 1 gall. (20 lbs.) nitric acid. Kill with 3 lbs. granulated tin; oz. to the pound.

CRIMSON VAT SPIRITS. 3 galls. muriatic acid, 2 galls. nitric acid, 2 oz. sal ammoniac, fed with 3 lbs. tin.

LAVENDER.-30 lbs. muriatic acid, 15 lbs. double nitric acid. Kill with 3 lbs. granulated tin; nearly 1 oz, to the pound.

INDIGO, EXTRACT OF. 1 lb. best ground indigo, 6 lbs. double vitriol. Mix together; let stand 48 hours in a stone pot; then put the vessel into a warm bath till properly dissolved; take 6 gallons water, 170° Fahrenheit; add the indigo slowly, filter through woollen cloth, covered with brown paper, into a wooden vessel; what remains on the paper put away, as it is only earth; then add your liquor, 4 lbs. common salts, 1 lb. pearlash. Let it stand till it ceases fermenting, then filter again through brown paper, and what remains on the paper is pure extract of indigo; there should be 12 lbs. of it.

AMMONIA PASTE. 1 quart strong ammonia, 1 ditto water, 2 lbs. ground cochineal. Stir them all well together in a stone pot; tie up the mouth of it tightly, and set it in some warm place, such as the flue of a stove, for two days, and it will be fit for use.

Woollen Spirits. ROYAL BLUE. -2 quarts of muriatic acid, 1 ditto nitric acid, no tin. Before using, let it stand until the gas gocs off.

SCARLET SPIRIT.-Put any quantity of nitre, and the same of clear water, into a stoneware pot; the water first; then add 1 lb. muriatic acid to every 5 lbs. of the above, and give 2 oz. of tin to the pound of spirits, adding it very slowly for one or two days, because in giving the tin too fast the spirits get fired, which precipitates the nitre, and they are lost.

CRIMSON SPIRITS are the same as scarlet spirits, but have more tin dissolved in them; give as much as they will take, till they turn of a bluish colour

LAC SCARLET SPIRIT.-3 galls. muriatic acid, 2 galls. water, feed with 6 lbs. tin, 1 gall. nitric acid.

PURPLE SPIRITS.-1 gall. muriatic acid, feed with 2 lbs. granulated tin, or an ounce to every gill.

Cotton Spirits, RED.-For 50 lbs. 40 lbs. muriatic acid, 10 lbs. nitric acid, carefully and slowly killed with 9 lbs | of tin, or 3 oz. of tin to the pound. PURPLE. 2 quarts muriatic acid. feed with 13 lb. tin, or 1 oz. to the gill. Black Liquor.-300 lbs. copperas dissolved with 175 galls. hot water, then add 57 galls. acetate of lime liquor at at 16° Tw., or 32 lbs. copperas, 5 quarts pyroligneous at 7° Tw., 10 galls. acetate of lime liquor at 24° Tw. Used as a mordant; gives black with madder at 6° Tw.; very diluted gives various shades of violet, and with red liquor gives chocolates.

Red Mordant.-20 lbs. powdered alum is dissolved in 9 galls. water heated to 140°; mix with this 20 lbs. sugar of lead, and add 2 lbs. soda crystals; should be frequently stirred for days. Used in the above proportions for calico.

RED MORDANT, for Madder Pink. -8 lbs. alum, 9 quarts water, 6 lbs. sugar of lead. For lighter pink, use 10 galls. water, 37 lbs. alum, 15 lbs. sugar of lead, 2 lbs. pulverized chalk, 5 lbs. chloride of sodium or common chalk.

Ageing Liquor.-20 lbs. caustic soda at 60° Tw., 20 lbs. white arsenic in powder. Boil until all the arsenic is dissolved. Make a solution of 3 lbs. of chlorate of potash in 4 galls. of water; add the first liquor until it stands at 28° Tw.

Pink Mordant, Alkaline. - 10 galls. caustic potash add slowly 35 lbs. sulphate of alumina; thicken with British gum, and fix with chloride of zinc or sal ammoniac.

VERDIGRIS.-2 quarts water at 160° Fahr., 2 ibs. white sugar of lead, 2 lbs. sulphate of copper. Used in calico printing, and in the black dye for silk.

Cheap Filter.-Take a common flower-pot as large as possible, plug the

hole with a piece of sponge, then put a layer of powdered charcoal about an inch thick, the same of silver sand, and a layer of small stones and coarse gravel about 2 in. thick. A good filter may be made by placing in a tank of impure water a vessel so arranged that a sponge which it contains shall lap over its edge and dip into the water of the tank. The sponge gradually sucks up and purifies the water in the reservoir, and allows it to drop into the smaller vessel or receiver, from which it may be drawn off by a tube. By placing a few lumps of charcoal in the bottom of the receiver, filtration of the most perfect kind is effected.

Glue Melting.-Break the glue into small pieces and soak from twelve to twenty-four hours in cold water, put the glue in the glue-pot, fill the outer vessel with water, and apply heat. For ordinary purposes it should run freely, and be of the consistency of thin treacle. The hotter glue is, the more force it will exert in keeping the two parts glued together; in all large and long joints, the glue should be applied immediately after boiling. Glue loses much of its strength by being often melted; that glue, therefore, which is newly made, in much preferable to that which has been used. When done with add some of the boiling water from the outer vessel to the glue, so as to make it too thin for use. Put it away till wanted again, and by the time the water in the outer vessel is boiled, the glue in the inner is ready melted and the proper thickness for use. Powdered chalk, brick-dust, or saw-dust added to glue, will make it hold with more than ordinary firmness.

LIQUID GLUE. 1. Soft water, 1 quart; best pale glue, 2 lbs.; dissolve in a covered vessel by the heat of a water bath; after cooling, add with caution 7 oz. of nitric acid; when cold, bottle off. 2. White glue, 16 oz.; dry white-lead, 4 oz.; soft water, 2 pints; alcohol, 4 oz.; stir together, and bottle while hot. 3. 3 parts glue broken into small pieces should be covered with 8 parts of water, and left to stand for some hours; one-half of hydrochloric acid

and three-fourths of sulphate of zinc must then be added, and the whole exposed to a temperature of from 81° to 89° C. during ten or twelve hours. Allow the compound to settle.

ELASTIC GLUE.-Dissolve glue by the aid of a water bath, evaporate till a thick fluid is obtained, add an equal weight of glycerine, continue the evaporation with stirring until the remaining water is driven off; run it out on a marble slab to cool. This composition might be advantageously applied to the manufacture of printers' rollers, and similar articles.

GLUE FOR GUTTA-PERCHA.-2 parts common black pitch, and 1 part guttapercha, melted in a ladle and well stirred together, then run into moulds.

PORTABLE, OR MOUTH GLUE.-Fine pale glue, 1 lb. ; dissolve over a water bath in sufficient water, add brown sugar, lb.; continue the heat till amalgamation is effected; pour on a slab of slate or marble, and when cold cut into squares. Used by moistening with the tongue.

GLUE TO RESIST HEAT OR MOISTURE. -Mix a handful of quicklime in 4 oz. of linseed oil; boil them to a good thickness, then spread it on tin plates in the shade, and it will become very hard, but may be easily dissolved over the fire as glue. A glue which will resist the action of water is made by boiling 1 lb. of common glue in 2 quarts of skimmed milk.

MARINE GLUE.-1. Dissolve by heat 1 part of pure india-rubber in naphtha; when melted add 2 parts shellac; melt until mixed. Pour while hot on metal plates to cool; when required to use, melt and apply with a brush. 2. Caoutchouc, 20 grains; chloroform, 2 fluid oz.; dissolve and add 4 drachms of powdered mastic; let it macerate for a week; must be kept cool and well corked.

RICE GLUE.-Mix rice flour intimately with cold water, and gently simmer it over the fire, when it readily forms a delicate and durable glue.

Bookbinders' Paste.-Place half a quartern of flour in a saucepan, put as much cold water on it as will cover it,