The Logic of Scientific Discovery

a₁ absolute probability accepted appendix argument assertion assume assumption atomic atomic statements axiom of randomness axiom system basic statements believe Bernoulli's theorem binomial formula Boolean Boolean algebra calculus of probability called Carnap chance-like concept construct contradict criticism deduced defined definition degree of confirmation degree of corroboration degree of falsifiability derived discussed Einstein elements empirical science epistemology example fact falsifiable finite formal formula frequency theory given Heisenberg's hypothesis idea imaginary experiment independence inductivist infinite initial conditions interpretation intuitive logical probability mathematical means measure metaphysical method momentum n-tuple objective observation obtain occur p(ab particle physical position possible Postscript postulate precision predictions probability statements probability theory problem problem of induction protocol sentences quantum theory refute relative frequency result rule S₁ satisfied scientific segments sense sequence simplicity singular statements statistical tautology testable tests theory of probability universal statements zero