federate troops at Charleston, heard of that stood upon the northern slope of the the fall of COLUMBIA (q. v.), he perceived the necessity for his immediate flight, by the only railway then left open for his use, and of endeavoring to join Beauregard, with the remnant of Hood's army, then making their way into North Carolina, where Johnston was gathering all of his available forces in Sherman's path. Hardee at once fired every building, warehouse, or shed in Charleston stored with cotton, and destroyed as much other property that might be useful to the Nationals as possible. The few remaining inhabitants in the city were filled with consternation, for the flames spread through the town. An explosion of gunpowder shook the city to its foundations and killed fully 200 persons. Four whole squares of buildings were consumed. That night (Feb. 17, 1865), the last of Hardee's troops left Charleston. On the following morning Major Hennessy, sent from Morris Island, raised the National flag over ruined Fort Sumter. The mayor surrendered the city, and some National troops, with negroes in Charleston, soon extinguished the flames that threatened to devour the whole town. On that day (Feb. 18, 1865), the city of Charleston was ' repossessed by the national government, with over 450 pieces of artillery, a large amount of gunpowder, and eight locomotives and other rolling-stock of a railway. General Gillmore took possession of the city, and appointed Lieut.-Col. Stewart L. Woodford military governor. 66 Charlestown, a town in West Virginia, where on Dec. 2, 1859, John Brown was hung, and on the 16th, Green, Copeland, Cook, and Coppoc, and on March 16, 1860, Stephens and Hazlett. See BROWN, JOHN. Charlevoix, PIERRE FRANÇOIS XAVIER DE, traveller; born in Saint-Quentin, France, Oct. 29, 1682. He was sent as a Jesuit missionary to Quebec in 1705; later returned to France; and in 1720 again went to Canada. On his second visit he ascended the St. Lawrence River; travelled through Illinois; and sailed down the Mississippi to New Orleans: and returned to France in 1722. His publications include Histoire de la nouvelle France. He died in La Fleche, France, Feb. 1, 1761. See JESUIT MISSIONS. Wyllys Hill, in Hartford, a beautiful elevation on the south side of Charter Oak Street, a few rods east from Main Street. The trunk was 25 feet in circumference near the roots. A large cavity, about 2 feet from the ground, was the place of concealment of the original charter of Connecticut from the summer of 1687 until the spring of 1689, when it was brought forth, and under it Connecticut resumed its charter government. In 1800 a daughter of Secretary Wyllys, writing to Dr. Holmes, the annalist, said of this tree: The first inhabitant of that name [Wyllys] found it standing in the height of its glory. Age seems to have curtailed its branches, yet it is not exceeded in the height of its coloring or the richness of its foliage. The cavity which was the asylum of our charter was near the roots, and large enough to admit a child. Within the space of eight years that cavity has closed, as if it had fulfilled the divine purpose for which it had been reared." This tree was blown down by a heavy gale on Aug. 21, 1856. The Wyllys Hill has been graded to a terrace, called Charter Oak Place, fronting on old Charter Oak Street, running east from Main Street, and now called Charter Oak Avenue. On the terrace, a few feet from the entrance to Charter Oak Place, a white-marble slab marks the exact spot Charter Oak, THE, a famous oak-tree where the famous tree stood. Charters, granted to corporate towns to protect their manufactures by Henry I. in 1132; modified by Charles II. in 1683; the ancient charters restored in 1698. Alterations were made by the Municipal Reform act in 1835. Ancient Anglo-Saxon charters are printed in Kemble's Codea Diplomaticus, 1829. For colonial charters in the United States, see different State articles. Chase, ANN, patriot; born in Ireland, in 1809; came to the United States in 1818; settled in New Orleans in 1832, and in Tampico, Mexico, in 1833, where she married Franklin Chase, United States consul, in 1836. During the war with Mexico she held possession of the consulate, in the absence of her husband, to protect the American records. A mob attempted to remove the American flag which floated over the consulate, but she protected it with drawn revolver, exclaiming that her flag would not be touched except over her dead body. Later, through her efforts, the city of Tampico was captured without the loss of life or treasure. She died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec. 24, 1874. Chase, SALMON PORTLAND, statesman; born in Cornish, N. H., Jan. 13, 1808. When twelve years of age he was placed in charge of his uncle, Bishop Chase, in Ohio, who superintended his tuition. He entered Cincinnati College; and after a year there returned to New Hampshire and entered Dartmouth College, where he graduated in 1826. He taught school and studied law in Washington, D. C., and was admitted to the bar there in 1829. The next year he went to Cincinnati to practise, where he became eminent. He prepared an edition of the Statutes of Ohio, with copious notes, which soon superseded all others. In 1834 he became solicitor of the Bank of the United States in Cincinnati. Acting as counsel for a colored woman who was claimed as a slave (1837), he controverted the authority of Congress to impose any duties or confer any powers, in fugitive-slave cases, on State magistrates. The same year, in his defence of J. G. BIRNEY (q. v.), prosecuted under a State law for harboring a fugitive slave, Mr. Chase asserted the doctrine that slavery was local, and dependent upon State law Ohio, and was ever afterwards active in its conventions, as well as in the ranks of the opposers of slavery. The Democrats of the Ohio legislature elected him (1849) to a seat in the United States Senate, where he opposed the Fugitive Slave Bill and other compromise measures, and, on the nomination of Mr. Pierce for the Presidency, he separated from the Democratic party. He opposed the KANSASNEBRASKA BILL (q. v.), and in 1855 was elected governor of Ohio. He was one of the founders of the Republican party in 1856, and was governor until 1859. In 1861 he became Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, under President Lincoln, and managed the finances of the nation with great ability until October, 1864, when he was appointed Chief-Justice of the United States in place of Judge Taney, deceased. In that capacity he presided at the trial of President Johnson in the spring of 1868. Being dissatisfied with the action of the Republican majority in Congress, Mr. Chase was proposed, in 1868, as the Democratic nominee for President. He was willing to accept the nomination, but received only four out of 663 votes in the convention. He then withdrew from the political field, but in 1872 he opposed the re-election of General Grant to the Presidency. He died in New York City, May 7, 1873. cíal character all pleaded in his favor, and not in vain, for he was acquitted. He died June 19, 1811. Chastellux, FRANÇOIS JEAN, CHEVALIER DE, historian; born in Paris, France, in 1734; served in the American Revolution. under Rochambeau as a major-general. His amiability gained him the friendship of Washington. He was the author of Voyage dans l'Amérique septentrionale dans les années 1780-82, etc. He also dress to the Army of the United States. He died in Paris, Oct. 28, 1788. Chase, SAMUEL, jurist; born in Somerset county, Md., April 17, 1741; admitted to the bar in 1761; entered on practice at Annapolis, and soon rose to distinction. He was twenty years a member of the colonial legislature; was a strong opposer of the Stamp Act; a member of the Committee of Correspond- translated into French Humphrey's Adence; and a delegate to the Continental Congress (1774-79). In 1776 he was a fellow-commissioner of Franklin and Car- Chateaugay, N. Y., BATTLE OF, Oct. roll to seek an alliance with the Cana- 26, 1813. Gen. Wade Hampton, with dians, and was efficient in changing the 3,500 men, while guarding the ford on the sentiments of Maryland in favor of inde- Chateaugay River, was attacked by the pendence, so as to authorize him and his British under De Salaberry with a thoucolleagues to vote for the Declaration, sand men. By a clever stratagem, Salawhich he signed. In 1783 Mr. Chase was berry led Hampton to believe himself sent to England, as agent for Maryland, surrounded. He immediately ordered a to redeem a large sum of money intrusted retreat, and was followed by the Canato the Bank of England, $650,000 of which was finally recovered. From 1791 to 1796 he was chief-justice of his State, and was a warm supporter of the administrations of Washington and Adams. In the session of Congress in the early part of 1804, it was determined by the leaders of the dominant, or Democratic, party to impeach Judge Chase, then associate-justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was an ardent Federalist, and warmly attached to the principles of Washington's administration. At the instance of John Randolph, of Virginia, Democratic leader of the House of Representatives, he was impeached for his conduct during the trial of Callender and Fries, solely on political grounds. Eight articles of impeachment were agreed to, most of them by a strict party vote. One was founded on his conduct at the trial of Fries (see FRIES), five on the trial of Callender (see CALLENDER, J. T.), and two on a late charge to a Maryland grand jury. Having been summoned by the Senate to appear for trial, he did so (Jan. 2, 1805), and asked for a delay until the next session. The boon was refused, and he was given a month to prepare for trial. His case excited much sympathy and indignation, even among the better members of the administration party. His age, his Revolutionary services, and his pure judi dian militia. The whole affair was a disgrace to the American arms. The Americans lost fifteen killed and twentythree wounded, while the British had five killed, sixteen wounded, and four missing. Chatham, EARL OF. See PITT, WILLIAM. Chatham Island, one of the Galapagos Archipelago, in the Pacific Ocean, 600 miles west of Ecuador, to which it belongs. It is of volcanic origin, the fifth in size of the Galapagos, and abounds in turtles and a small species of cat. Chatham Island has been the subject of negotiation between the United States and Ecuador, the former desiring it as a coaling station. It would possess strategic importance in the event of the opening of an isthmian canal. Chattahoochee, PASSAGE OF THE. On the morning of July 3, 1864, General Johnston's Confederate army passed in haste through Marietta, Ga., and on towards the Chattahoochee River, a deep and rapid stream, closely followed by Sherman with the National army, who hoped to strike his antagonist a heavy blow while he was crossing that stream. By quick and skilful movements, Johnston passed the Chat. tahoochee without much molestation and made a stand behind intrenchments on its left bank. Again Sherman made a suc cessful flanking movement. Howard laid a pontoon bridge 2 miles above the ferry where the Confederates crossed. Demon Chauncey, ISAAC, naval officer; born strations by the rest of the Nationals made ary Ridge, within 3 miles of the town. Johnston abandon his position and retreat See CHICKAMAUGA, BATTLE OF; CHICKAto another that covered Atlanta. The left MAUGA NATIONAL PARK. of the Confederates rested on the Chattahoochee, and their right on Peach-tree Creek. There the two armies rested some time. On July 10, or sixty-five days after Sherman put his army in motion southward, he was master of the country north and west of the river on the banks of which he was reposing-nearly one-half of Georgia-and had accomplished the chief object of his campaign, namely, the advancement of the National lines from the Tennessee to the Chattahoochee. In Chattanooga, ABANDONMENT OF. 1863 the Army of the Cumberland. under Rosecrans, after crossing the Cumberland Mountains in pursuit of the Confederates under Bragg, was stretched along the Tennessee River from a point above Chattanooga 100 miles westward. Rosecrans determined to cross that stream at different points, and, closing around Chattanooga, attempts to crush or starve the Confederate army there. General Hazen was near Harrison's, above Chattanooga (Aug. 20). He had made slow marches, displaying carp-fires at different points, and causing the fifteen regiments of his command to appear like the advance of an immense army. On the morning of Aug. 21 National artillery under Wilder, planted on the mountain-side across the river, opposite Chattanooga, sent screaming shells over that town and among Bragg's troops. The latter was startled by a sense of immediate danger; and when, soon afterwards, Generals Thomas and McCook crossed the Tennessee with their corps and took possession of the passes of Lookout Mountain on Bragg's flank, and Crittenden took post at Wauhatchie, in Lookout Valley, nearer the river, the Confederates abandoned Chattanooga, passed through the gaps of Missionary Ridge, and encamped on Chickamauga Creek, near Lafayette in northern Georgia, there to meet expected National forces when pressing through the gaps of Lookout Mountain and threatening their communications with Dalton and Resaca. From the lofty summit of Lookout Mountain Crittenden had seen the retreat of Bragg. He immediately led his forces into the Chattanooga Valley and encamped at Ross's Gap, in Mission CHAUTAUQUA SYSTEM OF EDUCATION-CHEROKEE INDIANS and commanded a ship at the age of nineteen years. He made several voyages to the East Indies in the ships of John Jacob Astor. In 1798 he was made a lieutenant of the navy, and was acting captain of the Chesapeake in 1802. He became master in May, 1804, and captain in 1806. During the War of 1812-15 he was in command of the American naval force on Lake Ontario, where he performed efficient service. After that war he commanded the Mediterranean squadron, and, with Consul Shaler, negotiated a treaty with Algiers. In 1820 he was naval commissioner in Washington, D. C., and again from 1833 until his death, in that city, Jan. 27, 1840. Commodore Chauncey's remains were interred in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, and at the head of his grave stands a fine white-marble monument, suitably in scribed. Chautauqua System of Education, an enterprise established in 1878 at Chautauqua, N. Y., in connection with the Chautauqua Assembly, which had been organized in 1874, by the joint efforts of Lewis Miller and the Rev. John H. Vincent, for the purpose of holding annual courses of instruction in languages, science, literature, etc., at Chautauqua, in July and August annually. The aim of the Chautauqua System is to continue the work of the assembly throughout the year in all parts of the country. Since 1878 more than 250,000 students have enrolled their names for the various courses. The purpose of the Chautauqua Circles is to promote habits of reading and study in literature, history, art, and science, without interfering with the regular routine of life. The complete course covers four years, and aims to give "the college outlook on life and the world. The books for study include specified works approved by the counsellors; a membership book, with review outlines; a monthly maga zine, with additional readings and notes; and other aids. Local circles can be formed with three or four members. One hour each day for nine months is the time annually required. All who complete the course receive certificates, and in case any have pursued collateral and advanced reading seals are affixed to the certificate. Cheatham, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, mil itary oflicer; born in Nashville, Tenn., Oct. 20, 1820. He entered the Mexican War as captain in the 1st Tennessee Regiment; distinguished himself in the battles of Monterey, Medelin, and Cerro Gordo, and became colonel of the 3d Tennessee Regiment. At the conclusion of the war he was appointed major-general of the Tennessee militia. When the Civil War broke out he organized the whole supply department for the Western Army of the Confederacy—a work in which he was employed when he was appointed brigadiergeneral (September, 1861). He partici pated in the battles of Belmont and Shiloh and accompanied Bragg on his expedition into Kentucky in September, 1862. Later he was promoted to major-general, and was engaged at Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Nashville, and other places. After the war he applied himself chiefly to agriculture. In October, 1885, he was made postmaster of Nashville. He died in Nashville, Sept. 4, 1886. Cheat River, BATTLE OF. See CARRICKSFORD, BATTLE of. Cheeshahteaumuck, CALEB, Indian; born in Massachusetts in 1646; graduated at Harvard College in 1665, being the only Indian who received a degree from that institution. He died in Charlestown, Mass., in 1666. Cheney, THESEUS APOLEON, historian; born in Leon, N. Y., March 16, 1830; educated at Oberlin. When the Republican party was forming he suggested its name in an address at Conewango, N. Y., Aug. 20, 1854. His publications include Report on the Ancient Monuments of Western New York; Historical Sketch of Chemung Valley; Historical Sketch of Eighteen Counties of Central and Southern New York; Relations of Government to Science; and Antiquarian Researches. He died in Starkey, N. Y., Aug. 2, 1878. Cherokee Indians, a nation formerly inhabiting the hilly regions of Georgia, western Carolina, and northern Alabama, and called the Mountaineers of the South. They were among high hills and fertile valleys, and have ever been more susceptible of civilization than any of the Indian tribes within the domain of the United States. They were the determined foes of the Shawnees, and, after many conflicts, drove those fugitives back to the |