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Chaste love his household guards, and round his

knees

Fond infants climb, the foremost kiss to seize⚫
Kine from their gushing udders nectar shed,
And wanton kids high toss their butting head.
He too, at festal days, where flames the shrine, 615
And, ranged around, his gay compeers recline,
Stretch'd on the turf unyokes from care his soul,
And, Bacchus! thee invoking, crowns the bowl;
Or on the elm the javelin's mark suspends,
Where the bold herdsman for the prize con-

tends;

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Or joys the hardy wrestlers to behold,
Bare their huge limbs, cast in Herculean mould.
Such was the life that ancient Sabines chose ;
Thus Rome's twin founders, thus Etruria rose:
Thus Rome herself, o'er all on earth renown'd, 625
Who with one wall sev'n hills encompass'd round.
Such, ere great Jove, Dictaan monarch reign'd,
And slaughter'd bulls the unhallow'd banquet
stain'd;

630

Such was the life on earth that Saturn knew,
Ere mortals trembled as the trumpet blew,
Or started when the anvil rung afar,
And clattering hammers shaped the sword of war.
But now, at length o'erpast the boundless plain,
Freed from the car, the smoking steeds unrein.

627 Dicte, a mountain of Crete, where Jove was nursed. Varro informs us that in ancient times it was deemed a capital crime to slaughter an ox, the associate of man in his agricultural labours.

GEORGIC III.

ARGUMENT.

VIRGIL begins this Georgic, on the breeding of cattle, by an nouncing his intention of singing Pales, the goddess of shepherds, and Apollo, who fed the herds of Admetus on the banks of the Amphrysus-He observes that fabulous tales, the familiar themes of every poet, pall by repetition; and that he shall endeavour to soar beyond the track of imitators, and bring new palms to his native Mantua, by celebrating actions founded on truth, the victories of the Romans, and the triumphal honours of Augustus-This intention he conveys under a sublime allegory of the apotheosis of Augustus, and of the games which he himself proposes to institute in honour of his divinity-In the mean while he obeys the command of Mæcenas, and continues his rural theme-In an animated description of a chariot-race, he dwells on the ardour and spirit of the contending animals-This leads him to the mention of the inventor of chariots, and of those who first tamed the horse for the purposes of riding-The subject of bulls and horses being concluded, he enters on that of sheep and goats; dwells on the peculiar care which they require in winter; on their excellence and utility; how they are to be managed in warm weather-This easily leads to a digression on the Libyan shepherds wandering with their flocks over boundless plains; and to this description he contrasts that of the cattle and climate of Scythia-He now gives directions concerning wool and the choice of sheep, and chiefly of the rams; of the nourishment proper for sheep kept for milk-The care of sheep leads him to that of dogs, the defenders of the fold-Thence he proceeds to mention the injuries to which cattle are subject, snakes and serpents; and particularly dwells on cne that haunts the Calabrian woods-He then notices the diseases of sheep, and their remedies; and describes at large a plague which laid waste the regions about the Alps; its effects on

calves, swine, horses, bulls; traces its progress through earth, sea, and air; and concludes this highly-wrought detail with the miserable death of those who dared to handle the infected fleece or hide.

THOU too, great Pales! and th' Amphrysian swain, Woods and Lycæan streams, ye claim the strain. Themes that detain'd the vacant mind of yore, Trite and familiar now, can please no more. Who knows not stern Eurystheus, and thy fane, Accurst Busiris! fed with strangers slain? Latonian Delos, Hylas' youthful charm, Hippodame, and Pelops' ivory arm?

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1 Pales, the goddess of shepherds. Amphrysus, a river of Thessaly, where Apollo fed the herds of King Admetus. Lycæus, a mountain of Arcadia, famous for sheep, and sacred to Pan.

5 Eurystheus, son of Sthenelus, king of Mycena, at the instigation of Juno, imposed on Hercules his twelve labours.

Busiris, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune. He sacrificed all foreigners to Jupiter. When Hercules visited Egypt, Busiris took him to the altar, bound hand and foot. The hero soon liberated himself, and sacrificed the tyrant and his son on the altar.-Stawell.

7 Hylas was beloved by Hercules, and accompanied him in the Argonautic expedition. In attempting to draw water from a fountain he fell in, and was drowned; and thence gave rise to the fable of his having been carried away by the nymphs. See Theocritus, Idyll. 13, and Apollonius Rhodius, book i. 1206.

Delos, one of the Cyclades islands, in the Ægean sea. It is fabled that this island floated till Latona brought forth in it Apollo and Diana, after which time it became fixed.

8 Hippodame was the daughter of Enomaus, king of Elis and Pisa. Either enamoured of the beautiful princess, or afraid, as foretold by an oracle, of being slain by his son-in-law, or by one of his daughter's children, he refused to marry her, unless the suitor could surpass, in a chariot race, his horses begotten by the wind. Thirteen suitors thus perished; but Pelops suc ceeded, by bribing the charioteer of Enomaus to leave one of the wheels unpinned. Pelops was gifted with an ivory shoulder, to supply the loss of the one devoured by Ceres, when his father Tantalus, in order to try the divinity of the gods, slew him, and served up his flesh at a celestial banquet.

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I too will strive o'er earth my flight to raise,
And, wing'd by victory, catch the gale of praise. 10

I first, from Pindus' brow, if life remain,

Will lead the Muses to the Latian plain,
For thee, my native Mantua! twine the wreath,
And bid the palm of Idumæa breathe.

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Near the pure stream, amid the green champaign, 15
I first will rear on high the marble fane,
Where with slow bend broad Mincio's waters stray,
And tall reeds tremble o'er his shadowy way.
High in the midst great Cæsar's form divine,
A present god, shall consecrate the shrine.
For him my robes shall flame with Tyrian die,
Wing'd by four steeds my hundred chariots fly.
All Greece shall scorn her famed Olympian field;
Here lash the courser and the cæstus wield.
I will myself around my temples twine
The olive wreath, and deck with gifts the shrine.
E'en now, methinks, the solemn pomp I lead,
E'en now I see the sacred heifers bleed,
Now view the turning scenes, and now behold
Th' inwoven Britons lift the purple fold,

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14 Idumæa, or the land of Edom, was famous for palms: Virgil therefore uses Idumæan palms for palms in general, as is common in poetry. Palms were used for crowns in all the games, as we find in the fourth question of the eighth book of Plutarch's Symposiacs; where he inquires why the sacred games had each their peculiar crown, but the palm was common to all. -Martyn.

Dr. Hurd considers the following splendid passage of the dedication of a temple to Cæsar, and of the sacred games and festivities in honour of his divinity, as an allegory of the poet's intention to complete the Æneid, and in the person of Æneas to shadow forth and consecrate the character of Augustus.

29 The ancient scenes were painted on a triangular machine, which was so formed as to turn on an axle or pin: each of its three sides represented a different subject: viz. 1. a city; 2. a palace, or magnificent portico; 3. a wild forest, cave, or meadow. When a comedy was played, the first of these three frontispieces was turned towards the spectators; when a tragedy, the second; when a satirical piece, such as the Cyclops of Euripides, the

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There on the ivory gates with gold embost,
Quirinus' blade shall flame o'er India's host;
Here the vast Nile shall wave with war, and there
Columns of naval brass ascend in air.
Niphates here, there Asia's conquer'd tow'rs,
And Parthia's flight conceal'd in arrowy show'rs:
From different nations double trophies torn,
And from each shore Rome twice in triumph borne.
There breathing forms in Parian marble trace,
From sire to son, Jove's long-descending race: 40
Assaracus and Tros shall lead the line,

And Cynthius, architect of Troy divine.

third was exposed to view. These triangular machines were placed under the arches of the theatre. See Vitruv. 1. v. and L'Antiquité expliquée par Montfaucon, tom. iii. p. 235.-Warton. Stawell.

The tapestry of the purple curtain of the theatre seemed to be supported by the inwoven figures of the newly conquered Britons.

In the year of Rome 727, the Britons had sent ambassadors to Cæsar, to supplicate for peace.-Voss.

33 This alludes to the victory obtained over the Egyptians and their allies, commanded by Antony and Cleopatra, in the year of Rome 724.

Servius tells us that Augustus, having conquered all Egypt, made of the beaks of ships four columns, which were afterward placed by Domitian in the capitol, and were to be seen in his time.-Martyn.

Niphates, the name of a mountain and river of Armenia. Milton has excellently described the flying fight of the Parthians.

How quick they wheel'd, and, flying, behind them shot
Sharp sleet of arrowy show'r against the face

Of their pursuers, and overcame by flight.

37 Catrou relates from Dion Cassius that Augustus made war twice on the Cantabrians, and on the Asturians, and twice in Asia. He went in person against the Spaniards the first time. they revolted; and they were subdued the second time by his lieutenant Carisius. He twice subdued the Parthians, and both times commanded his armies in person.-Martyn.

39 Paros, an island in the Ægean sea, famous for its marble quarries.

41 Virgil here compliments Augustus with adorning his temple with the statues of his Trojan ancestors. Homer has traced the

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