consisted of 12 students. The teaching in this early day was distinctly classical and philosophical. The curriculum was fixed and invariable. Latin, Greek, and mathematics formed the staple of the course, which was filled out by sturdy and lofty teaching in philosophy, history, and evidences of christianity by the president. The institution grew and prospered. The class of 1832 numbered 21 graduates, a number disproportionately small when compared with the numbers in attendance, for, in common with all pioneer universities, Miami from the outset found it difficult to carry all or nearly all its students through a complete course to graduation.

The period from 1824 to 1832 may be regarded as the period of planting. Without departing from any of the principles of this period. the year 1832 marks the beginning of expansion. In that year the faculty, which since 1825 had been assisted by a principal of the grammar school, which had gone on from the first, was increased by the addition of two full professors. President Bishop continued to occupy the chair of history and social relations. Dr. McGuffey was transferred to the newly created chair of philology and mental science. Rev. John W. Scott, who had succeeded Prof. Annan in 1828, now occupied the new chair of natural philosophy and chemistry, while Samuel M. McCracken was called to the chair of mathematics, and Thomas Armstrong to that of languages. The entire faculty now numbered six persons.

The entire income of the institution was derived from the rents of the university lands, which were assessed at the rate of 6 per cent. on the value of the land (originally valued at $2 per acre), and from tuition and other fees. The income was inadequate, and only by rigid economy and self-denial on the part of trustees and faculty was the institution kept in operation. The salaries at this time were: The president, $1,200; the two senior professors, $850, the junior professors and the master of the grammar school, $500. The buildings were plain but substantial, consisting of a main building containing lecture rooms, library, and chapel, and two large and commodious dormitories.

It was impossible that a border institution should escape the influences of the "irrepressible conflict." Politics began to intrude into the management of the university at an early date, and in 1841 led to the removal of Dr. Bishop from the presidency and the appointment of Rev. George Junkin, D. D., then president of Lafayette College, at Easton, Pa., in his stead. A new professorship, that of political science, was created for Dr. Bishop. Dr. Junkin's great ability was so hopelessly hampered by his partisan connections outside of the walls of the university that he wisely returned to Lafayette, leaving in 1844. The election of E. D. McMaster, D. D., in 1845, did not better matters materially, and the result was a rapid decline in numbers, the classes of 1848, 1849, and 1850 numbering only nine, seven, and seven, respectively. The election of Rev. W. C. Anderson, D. D., in 1849 marks a

new epoch. By his vigor and address, coupled with administrative qualities of a high order, President Anderson rapidly refilled the deserted balls and began a period of success and usefulness which his successor, Rev. J. W. Hall, D. D., carried forward.

During Dr. Anderson's incumbency the course which had hitherto clung very closely to the classical models, was enlarged by the addition of a normal school and of a course meant to meet the demand of the day for a so-called scientific course. This course was really an English course, originally requiring three instead of four years, and repre sented a desire to meet the demand for some sort of academic degree outside of the old course, without any true appreciation of the conditions of the problem.

The outbreak of the war in 1861 complicated matters. A large portion of the students entered the army. The funds of the institution suffered diminution, and the patronage from the South, which from the first had been large, was cut off. Political difficulties did not cease with the ✰cessation of hostilities. The years from 1865 to 1873 were full of struggles against adverse circumstances and impaired finances, and at last in 1873, just as a new experiment in university methods was about to be tried under the presidency of Andrew D. Hepburn, D. D., the trus tees decided to close the university, lay up the income, and await a more prosperous era.

It was decided in 1884 to reöpen the university. The opening took place September 17, 1885, with Robert W. McFarland, LL. D., as temporary president. The circumstances seeming to justify it, after three years' experiment it was determined to fully organize and equip the institution. Dr. McFarland retired voluntarily from the presidency, aving declined from the first to accept a permanent appointment, and helbert D. Warfield was chosen president. A complete reorganization followed. The faculty now consists of ten active members occupying the usual chairs of history and political science, mental and moral philosophy, the Latin, Greek, English, and continental languages and literatures, mathematics, the physical sciences, and the natural sciences, and a principal in the preparatory school.

The aim of the institution is still chiefly classical, though students who insist upon it are permitted to substitute two living foreign languages for Greek. Especial attention is given to mental and moral philosophy, history, and all the branches of political science, including jurisprudence, Roman law, and international law. A scientific course, leading to the ordinary degrees, was announced in the summer of 1890 as a feature of the following year, and the post-graduate courses which have hitherto been limited will probably be developed at the same time. The aim of the institution is strictly collegiate. A preparatory school exists be

1 President Warfield resigned his position in 1891 to accept the presidency of Lafayette College. Rev. W. O. Thompson, D. D., has been chosen as his successor at Miami University.

cause the section whence the students are mainly drawn are without efficient classical preparatory schools. No strictly university courses. are attempted. The aim is simply to do thorough systematic classicaf teaching through the sophomore year, and in the remaining years, by electives arranged in groups, to give such solid knowledge of the disciplinary and intellectual philosophies and sciences as will best fit the young man for active life. The post-graduate courses are arranged for the special needs of those desiring to teach.

1

From the beginning of its history Miami University has been under distinctly religious influences; but, being a State institution, it has been entirely undenominational, though with prevailing Presbyterian tendencies. From the opening till the closing, in 1873, its presidents were without exception ministers of the Presbyterian church. The example which they set of nonsectarian, earnest Christianity is still faithfully emulated.

Expenses of every sort in the early years of this century were small in Ohio and the type of life both of teachers and students was frugal and careful. This standard has been carefully maintained. The fees for tuition have always been nominal ($15 per term) and there are no extra fees, not even a fee for matriculation. Every opportunity has always been extended to earnest young men of small means, and some of the most distinguished of the graduates were among those who worked their way through college. A few scholarships sufficient to pay the tuition and room rent of those receiving them have recently been established.

Miami University appeals to her alumni as the best evidence of the work she has done. Benjamin Harrison, now President of the Unite States, graduated in 1852, while the following are a few representativ names in the long roll of honor: Governors: Charles Anderson an William Dennison, of Ohio, Ralph P. Lowe, of Iowa, and Charles H. Hardin, of Missouri. United States Senators: G. E. Pugh, of Ohio; Howell and McDill, of Iowa, and J. S. Williams, of Kentucky. Foreign ministers: Robert C. Schenck, J. W. Caldwell, James Birney and Whitelaw Reid. Judges: Chief Justice Dickey, of Illinois; C, G. Wintersmith, of Kentucky; W. R. Cochran, William B. Caldwell, Jacob Burnell, Wm. J. Gilmore, W. M. Dickson and M. W. Oliver, of Ohio, and Samuel Reber, of Missouri. Lawyers: W. S. Groesbeck, Chauncey N. Olds, John G. Lowe, Thomas Milliken, Samuel Shellabarger, George Jenkins, John W. Herron, Henry C. Noble and Algernon S. Sullivan. Clergymen Ebenezer Thomas, Benjamin W. Chidlaw, James G. Montfort, Benj. C. Swan, Wm. M. Thompson, Samuel Lowrie, David Swing, James H. Brookes, J. P. E. Kumler, James E. Worden and Robert Christie. College presidents, etc.: F. G. Carsey, Belmont; D. A. Wallace, Monmouth; Samuel S. Laws, Missouri State University, Henry McCrack

There was a brief period when double councils prevailed, but the result was overwhelmingly in favor of religious influence.