QUERIES:-Wives of Peers and Baronets- Hannah More's
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Lord Chesterfield and George II.-"The Deserted Village"

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Notes.

THE ISLAND OF MOEN.

"This little island," says the ubiquitous Mr. Murray," is in reality one of the loveliest spots in Denmark," which is a remark as true as it is free from guide-book conventionality; and its charm is to some extent intensified by the comparative difficulty of access. Situated to the south of Sealand, with the blue waters of the Baltic lapping its shores on every side, it lies secluded from the turmoil of the outer world, affording continual pleasure to the fleeting crowd which in the spring and summer visits its celebrated cliffs. Among other ways, you may reach it by a tiny cockleshell of a steamboat, which starts from the railway terminus at Masnedsund. On your way you sail through a channel bordered on the Sealand side with a dark belt of green sloping down to and fringing the water's edge. Slowly the little island displays itself as you are rocked along in the cockleshell, and Stege, its principal town, demands instant and absorbing attention as its all-prevailing red roofs grow redder and redder the nearer you approach. And then you land at the pier-quite a big pier, too, for Stege has often to entertain the large steamers which call on their way between some northern ports and bring their complement

of pilgrims to the famous "Klint," to say nothing of the various trading vessels, steam and sailing, which bear to the island the produce of the outer world, without which even Moen could not be happy or contented. And here let me utter a

word to the wise (which will apply to all who read this): heed not the solicitations of the drivers who beset you, resist their blandishments, banish their over-officious presence from your mind, and resolve to have none of them. It is not more than nine miles from Stege to Liselund, where the cliffs are, and that represents two hours' good walking and a splendid appetite for the dinner they will give you at Liselund if you are more fortunate in being able to order Danish dishes than I was.

Stege, quaintest of little towns, will detain you, and not unpleasant will the detention be. It has quite an air of importance, as befitteth a capital, and its town hall-built in Moorish style on one of the sides of the broad open space which forms, I suppose, the centre of Stege's commercial and municipal importance-is not an uninteresting building. Then there is a characteristic Danish country church, whose tower forms a conspicuous object in the view of Stege as seen from the sea; there is also a post-office of doubtful, very doubtful, architectural origin, and I dare say that Stege can boast of even more in the way of public buildings than these, but of that it interested me not to inquire. As you leave the town the road leads under a gateway, an ancient and crumbling remnant, which still stands to attest Stege's importance in the past-a past which boasts of a very respectable antiquity. The road winds along through a diversified country, passing now and again a tiny hamlet with its quaint church, and towards its end leads over several hills, rising gradually until it ends in the farmyard at Liselund. No doubt you expected this was a village; it is only a large farmhouse, where there is ample accommodation for the traveller. And again, if you are wise (but why should I even hint at such an impossibility as the contrary ?), spend the evening on the summit of the Klint, watching the changeful sea as its blue wavelets lave the shore below or beat against the distant cliffs of Sweden, glistening white as the dying sun bathes the main in a radiant glow, and builds for himself castles of cloudland beauty, lovelier than any fabric of poet's finest dream. Then, wandering back through the miniature forest which flourishes on the top of the Klint, you steal to rest with that sense of satisfaction a Briton always feels after he has eaten a good dinner or enjoyed what he "came out for to see." A bathe in the Baltic as an alternative for A. J. M.'s beloved tub (ante, p. 343) would not be scorned even by that gentleman himself; and this as a consequence brings you at once to the base of the cliffs for which Moen is celebrated.

Down several hundreds of feet, through a cleft

not unlike one of the larger chines of the Isle of Wight, you come to the beach (how prosaic we are in this boasted century, for here there must needs be a refreshment pavilion!), and you are at once face to face with the cliffs. They remind one much of those at Freshwater, being formed of chalk with layers of flint, and are hardly so fine. They extend some distance along the seashore, towering precipitously above one, and presenting varied and fantastic forms of rocky grandeur. Their superior beauty over so many others of the same formation consists in the rich vegetation on the summit, which is mostly covered by magnificent beechwoods: remarks which are not mine, but are taken from Murray's Handbook for Denmark. And this vegetation may truly be called rich or magnificent, and the many peeps of beauty which the wanderer among it obtains fully repay him for his journey to Moën. In the spring it is finest, but at all times it must be fine. And having wandered at will until you have drunk in some of the sweets of this favoured region, and gazed over the Baltic, mayhap for the last time, as its sunlit waves surge and swell under the influence of the morning breeze, and have treasured up in the storehouse of your memory some of the vivid recollections of this most memory-stirring spot, you return and become horribly prosaic over your orders for breakfast (do take two or three essentially Danish dishes to impart some sort of romance and poetry to the meal), which you have much difficulty in making the Danish maid understand. Asked if she knows German, she answers in the affirmative; but when you begin to talk she knows not a word-perhaps it was my German she could not comprehend. So you leave yourself at her mercy, as she volubly asks you in Danish what you will take. You hear the word café, and you say "Yes" to all the rest, knowing or hoping it will be all right. Such is the daring of man when reduced to desperation by the prospect of involuntary fasting.

A farewell to the fairest things must come, whatever the pang it costs the bidder; and the cockleshell bears you once more to the outer world, away from the seclusion and repose of the little island, so full of beauty and attraction, so free from the vulgar intrusion of the ordinary run of tourists, and therefore so totally different from the better known but not more beautiful spots nearer home. R. P. HAMPTON ROBERTS.

THE HYCSOS IN EGYPT.

(Concluded from p. 445.) Africanus, whose lists of the Egyptian dynasties have been transmitted to us by Syncellus, has given a most exaggerated account of the Shepherd domination, such as Eusebius evidently knew nothing of, and Syncellus himself rejected. Mis

led by the Josephean numbers with which we a dealing, he has filled the fifteenth, sixteenth, si seventeenth dynasties with this alien race, ali given them a period in all of 954 years, which conquering nation could have occupied witho complete amalgamation with the conquered and a permanent settlement among them. It is, therefore, amazing that such eminent Egyptologists & Lepsius, Bunsen, and others should have been led to adopt such an improbable theory, unless, indes it were with the view of extending the chronolog I entirely reject his scheme, while I am glad produce Africanus as a remarkable evidence, in another respect, to the truth of my own.

5. Africanus's testimony to the 393 years of Manetho.-His fifteenth is the same as Josephus's Hycsos dynasty, which Eusebius has made his seventeenth, preceding, as it should, the Thea eighteenth. But curiously we find that African has employed it in a double form, though in the second case unconsciously. His list of the eighteenth dynasty starts, not from its true beginning, but from the reign of Chebros, its second king, in whose first year he places the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt, and to which he assigns the date of 1667 B.C. From that point to the end of the dynasty there are 263 years, but he states that it commenced 130 years before the reign of Chebros and the Exodus. These 130 years added to the 263 of the dynasty give exactly 393 years as, in his view, the whole period of time between the commencement of the eighteenth dynasty and the close of it in the twentieth year of Amenophath, just as we have seen it above, calculated from the list of Josephus and the summation of Manetho. In so doing, however, he has fallen into a singular mistake by including in this dynasty the period of Hycsos rule that preceded it, while he has dropped 130 years from the latter part of it which it ought to have contained. This arrangement of the time is, however, not altogether accidental, as I now proceed to show, and to deduce from it results still more remarkable.

6. Africanus's testimony to the 105 years of Hycsos domination.-What are these 130 years with which he precedes the reign of Chebros and the departure of the Hebrews from Egypt? Where did he get them, and why does he put them there! He is either unable or unwilling to explain this mystery, for he gives not a word of information about them nor seems to include them in his general chronology. With the knowledge, how ever, that we have acquired from our previous investigations we are at no loss to identify the with Eusebius's seventeenth dynasty. The twenty five years of Amosis, which he has omitted at the head of the eighteenth dynasty, are of course included in them. When these are removed what is our surprise and pleasure to meet with our old acquaintance the 105 years, which Eusebius has

shown in his canon to belong to the Shepherds before the eighteenth dynasty began? They are also found here, as the archæologist would say, in situ, although Africanus has blunderingly attempted to put them into the imperial Theban dynasty, by which the aliens were crushed and superseded. This is a singularly curious discovery, but it is a most valuable and important one. Observe, too, how the old chronographer has assigned no names to these years nor reigns of kings, as if he inserted them knowing that they should be there, but not knowing why or what they were. Thus we have Africanus bearing distinct testimony to the historic truth of Eusebius in respect to the 105 years of Shepherd domination, a witness evidently unconscious of the importance, and even of the import, of his evidence, which is all the more valuable on that very account. But there remains a circumstance to be elicited here more curious and significant still, to which I next proceed.

7. Africanus's testimony to the contemporaneous rule of the Hycsos kings with those of the eighteenth dynasty. I have said that the twenty-five years of the reign of Amosis, the first Theban king after the recovery of their supremacy, must be found imbedded somewhere in those 130 years described above. A very remarkable discovery here rewards our research; but we must look for a moment to the list of the Shepherd kings. Africanus has clearly displaced two of the reigns, and put them out of the order which both Josephus and Eusebius have given them. I therefore take the liberty to restore them to their proper places in the list, and now observe that the years assigned to all the kings are the same that they usually have, with the exception of Pachnan, who has sixty-two years, a sum that must contain the missing years of Amosis. Accordingly it is found that instead of the thirty-seven years that properly belong to him he has 37+25=62, so that we find the reign of Amosis not where it might have been expected, at the close of the 130 years, and close to Chebros, but attached to the reign of Pachnan in the oddest position imaginable. The most interesting feature of this case, however, which will be found deserving of our very careful study, has now been reached. The reign of Amosis has been stuck by Africanus just about where it ought to be, i.e. 105 years from the head of the seventeenth dynasty. The 105th year is the fifth of Apophis, or five years after the reign of Pachnan, as I have shown before, and Africanus, by some fortunate destiny, has been made to fasten Amosis's reign here just where his reign commenced. From that date, when the Hycsos were driven from power, the two dynasties continued to reign contemporaneously down to the time of Amenophis III., under whom, as we have seen, the government of the Hycsos came to an end. If our opinion of the coetaneous rule of these two dynasties was formerly a conjecture, it is here

established by Africanus as a fact. Properly the reign of Amosis should have been attached to that of Apophis, in whose time it began; but the fear probably of making his reign suspiciously long disposed Africanus to unite it to the smaller reign of Pachnan, not knowing probably what he was doing.

8. Another and equally remarkable proof of the historic verity of the 105 years of Shepherd rule, between the banishment of the royal Theban family to Ethiopia and their return, is to be found in the list of the twelfth dynasty as given by all the three authorities, Eusebius, Syncellus, and Africanus. In this dynasty there are seven reigns, of which Lambares, the fourth king, is said to be he who constructed the labyrinth in the Arsenoite Nome as a sepulchre for himself, and who we know, from the researches of Dr. Lepsius, was the monarch in whose time the invasion of the Shepherds took place, when he was driven with his court into Ethiopia. The whole time allotted by Eusebius to this dynasty is 245 years, though the summation of his list amounts to only 182. The reason of this discrepancy seems to be that the last three anonymous reigns are erroneously set down, or wrongly copied, at forty-two years. Africanus errs still more evidently when he gives to these three reigns only twenty years, and makes the whole only 160. As they stand, however, in all the three accounts, the first four kings have 140 years, which, subtracted from 245, leave exactly 105 years to their three unknown successors. These three, together with Lambares, who fled, were those who continued to keep up in Ethiopia the semblance of monarchy for 105 years, but the details of whose obscure lives and times were unknown to our epitomists, and therefore stand unrecorded. This, I think, has never before been observed. The names of all the kings of the twelfth dynasty, though we have now gathered them from the monuments, were unknown to the ancient chronographers, and thus their very absence is proof of the fact that I seek to establish. But the preservation of the period of 105 years on the side of the legitimate family, as it has been preserved on the side of the intruders, as the true and accurate length of the usurpation, has clearly put into our hand, as I think, the key that opens up the mysteries of this important period of Egyptian history. D. KERR.

Dunse.