them withall, or for that it might be a permanent rule, or patern, vnto vs (his posterity) for euer, wherafter we are of force to make all our garments, so as it is not now lawful to go in richer arraye, without offendinge his maiestie? Philoponns....I suppose not that his heauenlye maiesty would that those garments of lether should stand as a rule or pattern of necessytie vnto vs, wherafter we shold be bound to shape all our apparell for euer, or els greeuously to offende; but yet by this we may see his blessed will is, that we should rather go an ace beneth our degree, than a iote aboue."-P. Stubbes, Anatomie of Abuses, 1581 (ed. F. J. F., New Shakspere Soc.), pp. 37.8. F. J. F. ASTROLOGICAL Predictions Fulfilled.— "Partial Eclipse of the Moon at the Cape of Good Hope. The ecliptic conjunction takes place at 1.5 P.M. of January 22nd, Cape mean time.......Saturn in the 11th will bring some difficulties on the Government, and these may chiefly be in connexion with hostile acts perpetrated by discontented tribes, as Mars squares Saturn from the 7th house."-Zadkiel's Almanac, published last autumn. January 22, it will be remembered, was the date of the Isandula disaster. Queries. C. C. M. [We must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest, to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that the answers may be addressed to them direct.] THE FIRST EDITION OF "JOHN GILPIN."Lowndes (Bohn's ed.) says: "John Gilpin, a ballad, Lond., Johnson, 1783. First appeared in the Public Advertizer, 1782. Afterwards in 24mo." This leaves us somewhat in doubt as to the size of Johnson's edition. Is the 24mo. meant or not meant to refer to this first separate issue of the ballad? Could some of your readers kindly supply a transcript of the title-page, size, pagination, and other bibliographical details? Was the poem first published in a paper wrapper? I have an early undated chap-book edition, which I suspect copies the text of the first edition, inasmuch as in many small details the ballad has since been recast, and in all instances for the better. The chap-book is entitled "The Humourous History of John Gilpin, of Cheapside, London, to which is added, the Story of an Elephant. Printed by Howard & Evans, Long Lane, West Smithfield, London," n.d. 16mo. pp. 24, with rude and very inappropriate cuts. It will be seen from the two subjoined stanzas, which I have contrasted with the version of the ballad which appears in the Poems, second edition, Lond., Johnson, 1786, 2 vols. 8vo., that the ballad has been considerably altered. Chap-book. "The horse, who never had before Been handled in this kind, Affrighted fled-And as he flew Left all the world behind." A SUPPOSED OXFORD "OLD CHARACTER" OUT OF OXFORD.-Can any one tell the modern world anything about one who appears, like Counsellor Bickerton (5th S. xi. 172), to have "left society in disgust" in the first quarter of this century? He was a tall, scholar-like or schoolmaster-like looking old gentleman-undoubtedly gentleman-when I remember him, some forty or forty-five years ago, and always appeared in cap and gown. He lived in Lordship's Place, Lawrence Street, near old Chelsea Church, and within a stone's throw of Mr. Carlyle's house. The only public appearances of the by no means unvenerable M. A., or perchance D.D., occurred at the hour of ten in the morning, when he was to be seen proceeding from his house to Battersea Bridge on one invariable errand. He carried a vessel, and, arrived at exactly the centre of the bridge, he used to let this down into the river by a string, drawing up as much water as it would hold. He would then detach the string and carry home his daily replenished vase with the same grave and decorous air with which he had carried it empty. That we small boys should, in holiday time, look on one whom we took for a head master thus solemnly engaged in his cap and gown, and look with unmoved faces, was hardly to be expected; but I think there was something of a look of sorrow in his gravity, and some tradition of a lost wife, which taught us to smother our enjoyment. HILTON HENBURNY. ST. ANDREW'S, PORTLAND.-I should be glad of any information concerning the ruined church of St. Andrew, Portland. Does any portion of it now exist? Was it ever associated in any way with Queen Anne? J. S. UDAL. Inner Temple. BARGAINING PRIX FIXE. - Having a fixed price in shops is now by many considered an English invention. Ladies who like close bargains know better. Do we owe the prevalence of the practice of a fixity of price to one of the many social influences of the now-expiring Quakers? Half a century ago I remember shops where the Friend would not even alter his price for a lady. This was done on conscientious motives. The English wiseacre who goes to be imposed on in a Turkish bazaar considers bargaining one of the many peculiarities of Turkish barbarism. However Turkish women may be like others in the love of bargaining, a genuine Turk may be seen to refuse to buy of a shopkeeper who has offered to deal at a lower rate. On the same conscientious principle as the Friend, he considers the "man of two prices" as a liar and a cheat. HYDE CLARke. PORTUGUESE TREATY OF 1661 AND THE RESTORATION OF COLOMBO.It is not, I believe, generally known that, by the treaty of June 23, 1661, between Portugal and Great Britain (in other words, the marriage settlement of Charles II. and Catherine of Braganza), the English Government engaged itself to restore to Portugal, if in any case the isle of Ceylon, taken by the Dutch, should fall into the power of England, the possession of the town and port of Colombo, and in the second mémoire of the Portuguese Government (Correspondence on Delogoa Bay, p. 182) it is quietly observed, "et que cette clause attend depuis deux siècles son exécution, quoique les Anglais aient reçu Ceylon des Hollandais." Have the Portuguese Government ever made any remon strance to the British on the non-execution of this stipulation? Lavender Hill. HENRY HALL. "THE ILLUSTRATED FAMILY JOURNAL-ID 1844-5 a weekly magazine, price twopence, sp peared under this title, and my impression is that its career did not extend more than six months. It was very well supplied with wood engravings: several of Tennyson's poems, as Mariana in the Moated Grange and Oriana, were illustrated by them; and it contained an excellent series of papers entitled "Recreations of Mr. Zigzag, the Elder, giving an account of archaeological rambles t places of interest. The periodical was far above the ordinary level. How many volumes of it were issued? JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. THOMAS FLETCHER, OF NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD, M.A. JAN. 14, 1692, B. AND D.D. JOSE, 1707.-Wood says he was possessed of the dona tive of Fairfield, co. Somerset, in 1694. Can any reader of "N. & Q." state his parentage? H. S. G. life in th HENRY FIELDING, the novelist, is commonly village. I should be glad to know if any authority exists for this statement. We have a house cale Fielding's Lodge, where he is said to have written Tom Jones. On the slab which projects over the door of this house, which was at one time evidently of some importance, is placed a stone crest of a phoenix rising out of a mural coronet. I have failed to identify this with any family, and shoald be grateful for any explanation or help. MEDAL COMMEMORATING THE EXECUTION OF MARIE ANTOINETTE.-I have among other medals and coins a medal in pewter, commemorating the execution of Marie Antoinette. It is much de faced, and was dug up in my parish nearly forty years since. Obverse, head to right, "Maria Anton. Austr."; reverse, cart with horse, figure in cart to back of horse, mob surrounding; legend, - venit ultima" (? this last word); date under horse and cart, MDCC-. Were any others issued in other metal, or was the base deed commemorated in only, as fitting, in base metal? WM. STOKES SHAW, Vicar of Tiverton-on-Avon, near Bath. HERALDRY.-The following coat of arms appears of Yorkshire. Perhaps some of your readers might be able to identify them :between three crescents sable, fitchee of the field. -Argent, as on a chevron, H. E. many crosslets W. G. P. RICHARD WILSON, ARTIST.-I have a watercolour picture by this artist, painted, it is believed, circa 1750, during his stay in Italy, and representing the ruins of the Temple of Venus at Baix. It has been in the family for sixty or seventy daughter of the Countess of Macclesfield? GEORGE I.-Had he any children by Miss Brett. years, to the personal knowledge of one of its members, and was, even so far back, reputed an old and valuable possession. A few days ago I for sum at printseller's shop an ST. MAWES CASTLE.-In the Gentleman's Maga exact copy, but in sepia, unframed and mounted to the keepership of St. Mawes Castle is recorded. to be contemporary, or but little later than the found, and in whose hands was the appointment on card. The paper, mount, and writing show it! Where may a list of his successors in this office be date of the original, and the 21 in. long by 13 in. high. size is also identical, I should be glad to vested? New Univ, Club. ECLECTIC. H. W. OLD LONDON PILGRIMAGES.-I picked up, some time ago, a scrapbook in which is pasted a collection of "Pilgrimages in London," full of antiquarian lore, and occasionally illustrated. A MS. note says that these sketches appeared in the Britannia newspaper in 1842. They extend as far afield as Pope's villa at Twickenham, and even to Cowley's house at Chertsey. They are now somewhat out of date, but it would interest myself, and many others also probably, to learn who was the author of them. PAYMENTS IN CHURCH PORCHES.-Vincent Tuke, Vicar of Sunning, Berks, in 1592 leaves by will sundry sums of money, among others a legacy to each of his daughters, "to be paid in the church porch." Was this a common custom at the time? E. WALFORD, M.A. Hampstead, N.W. FIREWORK DISPLAYS.-Having been for some time engaged in collecting information and engravings illustrative of this subject, I shall feel extremely obliged to any of your correspondents who may feel inclined to send me any scraps of old gossip about pyrotechnical exhibitions which they may happen to come across, or to inform me of any engravings they may meet with bearing thereon. J. ELIOT HODGKIN. Childwall, Richmond, Surrey. THE SALE FAMILY.-Will some reader of "N. & Q." give me what information he can respecting the Lancashire family of Sale? J. H. WHITEHEAD. St. John's College, Cambridge. LIEUT. GEN. JAMES ST. CLAIR, Colonel 1st Regiment of Foot, Governor of Cork, and Member for Fife, died October 4, 1762 (Gentleman's Magazine, 1762, p. 600). What was his lineage, and did he leave descendants? Was Major St. Clair, who died "lately, aged ninety-four" (London Magazine, May, 1762, p. 285), kin to General St. Clair? Where was General St. Clair buried? He had been appointed Governor of Cork in 1751 (Gentleman's Magazine, 1751, p. 92). SUCKLING'S BALLAD. -Can T. H. M. any reader of "N. & Q." inform me who were the lady and gentleman whose wedding is celebrated in Sir John Suckling's inimitable verses? M. THE CANONICAL BOOKS OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS.-Is there any parliamentary enactment forbidding the publication of the above apart from the so-called apocryphal books, existing customs notwithstanding? A. D. F. "SELF-FORMATION; OR, THE HISTORY OF AN INDIVIDUAL MIND."-In what part of Wordsworth's works is mention made of Self-Formation; or, the History of an Individual Mind, by Capel Lofft the younger? E. A. L. HOLDEN. School House, Ipswich. IMITATION BY CONTRARY MOVEMENT.-Cherubini, in his treatise called A Course of Counterpoint and Fugue, gives in chapter xvii. a double scale, one member ascending from middle c to its octave, the other descending from the c above middle c and descending to middle c; consequently the scales intersect between F and G. In imitation by free contrary motion you are to choose the correlated notes. There are many other such scales given by him on which to construct N. & Q." simply refer me to any works in which Can any reader of they are explained? I can discover no reason for them, nor how they ever came to be selected, and Cherubini seems to know as little about it as myself. He simply sets them down and says use them; and the use I admit is simple enough, except in the triple scales of Azopardi, the Maltese composer. C. A. WARD. Mayfair. imitations of various sorts. Replies. WAS ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL EVER CALLED EASTMINSTER? (5th S. xi. 62.) DR. SPARROW SIMPSON has raised a very interesting question. 1. At an early period St. Paul's was called a minster, like York (Minster), Lichfield (Minster Pool), Lincoln (Minster Yard), Sarum (Minster Spire), Southwell, Beverley, Ripon, Wimborne, all occupied by secular canons. 2. "Eastminster" ("Nova abbatia juxta Turrim") would clearly have been so called in distinction to Westminster Abbey, from its date of foundation in 1350. I doubt if it was even a popular appellation. It is called the Abbey of Tower Hill, suppressed Mar. 31, 1539(Wriothesley's Diary, i. 94; Grey Friars' Chron., 75), and in an undated special commission of Elizabeth, on a plan, Graces' Abbey. In 1346 the king certainly complained, after the loss of several noble knights in a terrible storm whilst crossing the Channel, that he was always sure to meet with bad weather when homeward bound (Ann. de Oseneid, s.a.). St. Mary de Grace, by the Tower, may have been built in pursuance of a vow then made. Erasmus only is answerable for calling St. Paul's East Minster. It stands near West Smithfield, and St. Mary's stood close to East Smithfield. 3. The first historic mention of Westminster (Abbey) occurs in the notice of Harold's burial under the year 1040 (Anglo-Saxon Chron., s.a.). In the Lay of the Battle of Hastings the palace is thus mentioned : "Fertur ab antiquis quæ Guest vocitata colonis, Post Petri nomen auxit ab ecclesia," L. 667-8. whether the name might not merely apply to its relative position to the centre of the metropolis, as the minster to the west of London, there The English History makes Canute rebuke the remains the question, Was there already a monastides, "desur Tamise, Li floz veneit pres del Eglise Ki Westmuster ert apelé." L. 4699. On the other hand, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says, under the year 962, "Paules minster" was burned, and I concluded that in allusion to this minster the West-Minster obtained its name. In 785 Offa's charter mentions a gift to St. Peter and the Lord's people living in Torneia, "in loco terribili, quod dicitur æet Uuestmunstur" (Kemble, Cod. Dipl., cxlix.). Edward the Confessor says, "Ad laudem Regis æterni et ad honorem S. Pauli .. restauravi libertatem ad monasterium ipsius statutum in Lundoniâ civitate ubi diu S. Erkenwaldus episcopatum tenuit" (ib., n. 913, clearly a confirmation of Athelstan's charter); and this title (ib., 1127) dates back to the time of Ethelbert of Kent, "dedit episcopo Mellito terram... ad monasterii sui solatium scilicet monasterium S. Pauli apostoli" (ib., 982, from "Reg. B., f. 20, pen. Dec. et cap. S. Pauli"). "Sanctés Paules Mynstre" is mentioned by Athelstan (ib., 1126), and "Monasterium S. Pauli" by Edgar in 967 (ib., 1259). In order to distinguish the two minsters the conventual was called, by a marked reduplication, West-minster-Abbey. "Mellitus episcopus habuit sedem in Pauli apostoli ecclesiâ. . . et monasterium B. Petri in occidentali civitatis parte fecit" (W. Malmesb., lib. ii. § 141). 4. There is no deed of surrender in the Record Office, but there are some notices in the Ministers' Accompts, 31 & 32 Hen. VIII., n. 112, m. 42, and Suppression Papers Misc., 833/5, of Grace Abbey. MACKENZIE E. C. WALCOTT. The question raised by DR. SPARROW SIMPSON as to the origin of the name Westminster is one of much interest. I think it is unnecessary to say anything more to disprove the story that it was given to distinguish the Abbey from that of St. Mary Grace's, near the Tower, founded in 1349, and named Eastminster. The point to consider is, what were the circumstances in A.D. 600-650 which could lead to the designation of the newly built monastery of Thorney Island, a little west of London, as the West Monastery or Minster? The name Thorney was evidently rather a term of contempt, and the new church, "Ecclesia beati Petri quae sita est in loco terribili qui ab incolis Thorneya nuncupatur," deserved a new and a better name. Did it get the name of West Minster because the new minster was west of London, or was it called West to distinguish it from some other minster in London? Passing over for the present the question tery or minster in London? The answer which has been given is that St. Paul's was then not only a minster, but, as the seat of the bishopric, the minster of London. DR. SIMPSON says to render this probable two things are necessary, first, to show that St. Paul's ever was a monasterium, and secondly that, if so, it was ever called Eastminster. I would suggest, and I do so with the greatest deference, that at that time St. Paul's was within the meaning of the word a "minster." All the earliest deeds and charters mentioned by Dugdale (Hist. St. Paul's) refer to it as a monastery. The first charter of Æthelbert gives Tillingham manor to "scilicit monasterium S. Pauli." expression is used in Athelstan's charters, confirming lands at Sandon, &c., and here Dugdale not only gives the Latin translation, "S. Pauli monasterium," but also the original Saxon word "mynrtne" (or minster); and this word is also used in the charters of Eadgar, Ethelred, Cnudi, and Edward the Confessor. After that nearly all 66 The same the deeds are made to the church, to the bishop, or to the canons; the monastery was wholly merged in the larger and more important titles. All this would seem to show that the ecclesiastical establishment of St. Paul's was deemed and styled a "minster" about A.D. 700-800. As regards the second question, I do not find anything to lead to the belief that the church of minster of St. Paul was ever called East-minster, neither do I see that this would be necessary as leading to the use of the word West-minster. We need not suppose that there were two minsters founded at the same time, one called from its situation East and the other West, but rather that, there being one minster already in London, and that the seat of the bishopric, any other one, to prevent confusion, must have the prefix of West, East, New, or some other peculiarity to distinguish it. In the same way we have Newcastleunder-Lyne, to distinguish it from Newcastle in Northumberland, yet no one would say that to prove this it must be shown that the latter town was called Newcastle-over-Lyne. If St. Paul's was the minster of London when Thorney Minster ceased to be called Thorney, then Westminster, it being at the west side of London, was a very distinct and good name for it, but that need not imply that St. Paul's should therefore be called Eastminster. EDWARD SOLLY. Whatever may be the case as between St. Paul's and other minsters, surely DR. SIMPSON is inaccurate in saying "St. Paul's was not a monasterium." The term was regularly applied to secular foundations whether cathedral or collegiate, and, in the south of England, even to parish Bp. Hatfield's Hall, Durham. points to the occasional use of the custom being old. Its general use in our time no doubt dates from the period of instituting twenty-four honorary canons in the cathedrals of the New Foundation, and I quite agree with those correspondents who have condemned it. What, strictly speaking, constitutes a prebend? Must it be attached to a cathedral or collegiate church? In the Parliamentary Report, June 22, 1835, on cathedral and collegiate chapters appears a list of prebends headed, "The following Prebends are sinecure CANONS, PREBENDARIES, AND HONORARY Preferments, not attached to any Cathedral or CANONS (5th S. xi. 69, 89, 108.)-Your corre- Collegiate Church"; and subjoined are the five spondent R. (ante, p. 109) regretted the substitu- prebends of Chumleigh, Cutton in the Castle of tion of the title "canon" for that of "prebendary." Exeter, Heredum Marney, *Long Parish, TreApart from the fact that the former is our only haverock, and Wherwell. This list is curious. appropriate title, inasmuch as it designates our First of all, Chumleigh Church, Devon, was, and office (nomen officii) which remains, whilst the I suppose in a sense is still, collegiate, as the prelatter denotes our endowment (nomen beneficii) bends were founded in it as a collegiate foundawhich is gone, I may tell him that the Act of Par- tion, and they still exist, having been united by liament (3 & 4 Vict., c. 113, s. 1) expressly enacts Act of Parliament in the present reign, and that "all the members of chapter shall be styled attached to the parochial rectory of the church. canons." It seems naturally enough to follow that Again, the Castle Chapel at Exeter, now destroyed, for all the members of chapter, whether residentiary was collegiate, and instead merely of retaining the or non-residentiary, there is but one style or desig- prebend of Cutton, another not mentioned also nation now properly to be used, viz., that of exists. Why was this omitted? Heredum Mar"canon." In fact, as Cripps says, the name "pre-ney and Trehaverock are two of the prebends of bendary" is now extinct (Laws of the Church, &c., Endellion in Cornwall, but here again there is p. 131). a third, Bodmin or King's, omitted. The Truro Diocesan Calendar for 1879 gives an historical sketch of Endellion Church, which it distinctly terins a collegiate church. Bishop Benson is not likely to be mistaken on such a point. Was When the Bishop of Sarum makes an appointment to a vacant stall in his cathedral, he does so on the understanding that the canon so collated shall, unless hindered by circumstances, preach in his turn once a year in the cathedral, and shall, on ceasing to reside in the diocese, resign his stall. I believe that Bishop Hamilton was the first to introduce this rule, in compliance with a recommendation of the Cathedral Commissioners in their third and final Report (p. viii), which presented in 1855, and which, amongst others, was signed by Bishop Wilberforce, the present Bishop of Lincoln, and Dean Hook. I imagine that the Bishop of Sarum can, if he see fit, dispense in any particular case with this obligation, and, if I mistake not, has in one instance done so. Whether it be a wise rule or not I presume not to say. I have known two instances in which, after thirty years' faithful service in the Church, it has been felt to be a great wrench to have been thus rudely severed from a cathedral, a stall in which, though unendowed, has been highly prized as the mark of a bishop's confidence and W. H. JONES, M. A., F.S.A., regard. Canon of Sarum. MR. MACKENZIE WALCOTT when condemning the prevailing fashion of speaking of "Canon Soand-so" alludes to it as a modern custom. Is this correct? I observe that Bishop Ken (Prose Works, by Round, 1838, p. 54) alludes to "Canon Walton's house, in the Close in Sarum." This I There still, however, remain the two against which have placed an asterisk-Long Parish and Wherwell-which do not appear to have at any time belonged to a collegiate church; neither can I find any allusion to them in any clergy list. I have heard of one or two other prebends existing in a similarly unattached position up and down the country. What is the explanation? Can a prebend, properly speaking, exist in a purely parochial church? Chapel Allerton, Leeds. T. M. FALLOW. have been appointed to the "honorary canonries OLD SONGS WANTED (5th S. xi. 126, 175.)We all owe gratitude to our excellent friend Mr. WILLIAM CHAPPELL, who has done more than any one living, or those who have died in this century, for restoration of old songs to their |