a passion is once raised, there are also other means by which it may be kept alive, and even augmented.

"deretur?" 66 -3. Sed quid ego plura de Gavio? quasi tu Gavio "tum fueris infestus, ac non nomini, generi, juri civium hostis, non "illi inquam homini, sed causæ communi libertatis inimicus fuisti. 4. 66 Quid enim attinuit, cum Mamertini more atque instituto suo, cru❝cem fixissent post urbem, in via Pompeia; te jubere in ea parte fi66 gere, quæ ad fretum spectat; et hoc addere, quod negare nullo mo"do potes, quod omnibus audientibus dixisti palam, te idcirco illum "locum deligere, ut ille qui se civem Romanum esse diceret, ex cruce "Italiam cernere, ac domum suam prospicere posset? 5. Itaque illa crux sola, judices, post conditam Messanam, illo in loco fixa est. "6. Italiæ conspectus ad eam rem ab isto delectus est, ut ille in do"lore cruciatuque moriens, perangusto freto divisa servitutis ac liber❝tatis jura cognosceret: Italia autem alumnum suum, servitutis ex"tremo summoque supplicio affectum videret. 7. Facinus est vincire "civem Romanum, scelus verberare, prope parricidium necare, quid "dicam, in crucem tollere? verbo satis digno tam nefaria res appella"ri nullo modo potest. 8. Non fuit his omnibus iste contentus:

Spectet, inquit, patriam, in conspectu legum libertatisque moriatur. "g. Non tu hoc loco Gavium, non unum hominem, nescio quem, ci66 vem Romanum, sed communem libertatis et civitatis causam in "illum cruciatum et crucem egisti. 10. Jam vero videte hominis au"daciam: Nonne enim graviter tulisse arbitramini, quod illam civi"bus Romanis crucem non posset in foro, non in comitio, non in ros"tris defigere. 11. Quod enim his locis in provincia sua celebritate "simillimum, regione proximum potuit, elegit. 12. Monumentum “sceleris―audaciæque suæ voluit esse in conspectu Italiæ, prætervic"tione omnium qui ultro citroque navigarent.". ❝13. Paulo "ante, judices, lacrymas in morte misera atque indignissima navar"chorum non tenebamus: et rectè ac merito sociorum innocentium "miseriâ commovebamur. 14. Quid nunc in nostro sanguine tan"dem facere debemus? nam civium Romanorum sanguis conjunctus "existimandus est."—" 15. Omnes hoc loco cives Romani, et "qui adsunt et qui ubicunque sunt, vestram severitatem desiderant,

Other passions or dispositions may be called in as auxiliaries. Nothing is more efficacious in this re

❝ vestram fidem implorant, vestrum auxilium requirunt. 16. Omnia "sua jura, commoda, auxilia, totam denique libertatem in vestris sen❝tentiis versari arbitrantur."- -I shall point out the pathetic circumstances exemplified in this passage, observing the order wherein they were enumerated. I have numbered the sentences in the quotation to prevent repetition in referring to them. It must be remarked first of all, that in judiciary orations, such as this, the proper place for plausibility is the narration; for probability, the confirmation or proof: the other five, though generally admissible into either of those places, shine principally in the peroration. I shall show how the orator hath availed himself of these in the passage now cited. First, importance; and that first in respect of the enormity of the action, No. 7.; of the disposition of the actor, No. 3. 9, 10,; and to render probable what might otherwise appear merely conjectural, No. 4, 5. 8. 11, 12.; in respect of consequences, their greatness, No. 1, 2.; where the crime is most artfully, though implicitly, represented as subversive of all that was dear to them, liberty, the right of citizens, their most valuable laws, and that idol of the people, the tribunitian power; their extent, No. 15, 16. Seccondly, proximity of time; there is but an insinuation of this circumstance in the word tandem, No. 2. There are two reasons which probably induced the orator in this particular to be so sparing. One is, the recency of the crime, as of the criminal's pretorship was notorious; the other and the weightier is, that of all relations this is the weakest; and even what influence it hath, reflection serves rather to correct that to confirm. In appearing to lay stress on so slight a circumstance, a speaker displays rather penury of matter than abundance. It is better therefore, in most cases, to suggest it, as it were by accident, than to insist on it as of design. It deserves also to be remarked, that the word here employed is very emphatical, as it conveys at the same time a tacit comparison of their so recent degeneracy with the freedom, security, and glory which they had long enjoyed. The same word is again introduced, N°. 14. to the same intent. Thirdly, local connexion; in respect of vicinage, how affect

spect than a sense of justice, a sense of public utility, a sense of glory; and nothing conduceth more to operate on these, than the sentiments of sages

ingly, though indirectly, is it touched, No. 4. 6. 8. 11, 12.? indirectly, for reasons similar to those mentioned on the circumstance of time; as to other local connexions, No. 2. " in provincia populi Romani, in "oppido fæderatorum." Fourthly, personal relation; first of the perpetrator, No. 2. " ab eo qui beneficio, &c." his crime therefore more atrocious and ungrateful, the most sacred rights violated by one who ought to have protected them; next of the sufferer, No. 2. " civis "Romanus." This is most pathetically urged, and by a comparison introduced, greatly heightened, No. 15, 14. Fifthly, the interest; which, not the hearers only, but all who bear the Roman name, have, in the consequences, No. 15, 16. We see in the above example, with what uncommon address and delicacy those circumstances ought to be sometimes blended, sometimes but insinuated, sometimes, on the contrary, warmly urged, sometimes shaded a little, that the art may be concealed; and in brief, the whole conducted so as that nothing material may be omitted, that every sentiment may easily follow that which precedes, and usher that which follows it, and that every thing said may appear to be the language of pure nature. The art of the rhetorician, like that of the philosopher, is analytical; the art of the orator is synthetical. The former acts the part of the skilful anatomist, who, by removing the teguments, and nicely separating the parts, presents us with views at once naked, distinct, and hideous, now of the structure of the bones, now of the muscles and tendons, now of the arteries and veins, now of the bowels, now of the brain and nervous system. The latter imitates Nature in the constructing of her work, who, with wonderful symmetry, unites the various organs, adapts them to their respective uses, and covers all with a decent veil, the skin. Thus, though she hide entirely the more minute and the interior parts, and show not to equal advantage even the articulations of the limbs, and the adjustment of the larger members, adds inexpressible beauty, and strength, and energy to the whole.

whose wisdom we venerate, the example of heroes whose exploits we admire. I shall conclude what relates to the exciting of passion, when I have remarked, that pleading the importance and the other pathetic circumstances, or pleading the authority of opinions or precedents, is usually considered, and aptly enough, as being likewise a species of reasoning.

This concession, however, doth not imply, that by any reasoning we are ever taught that such an object ought to awaken such a passion. This we must learn originally from feeling, not from argu

ment.

No speaker attempts to prove it; though he sometimes introduceth moral considerations, in order to justify the passion when raised, and to prevent the hearers from attempting to suppress it. Even when he is enforcing their regard to the pathetic circumstances above-mentioned, it is not so much his aim to show that these circumstances ought to augment the passion, as that these circumstances are in the object. The effect upon their minds he commonly leaves to nature; and is not afraid of the conclusion, if he can make every aggravating circumstance be, as it were, both perceived and felt by them. In the enthymeme, (the syllogism of orators, as Quintilian* terms it) employed in such cases, the

*Instit. 1. i. c. 9.

sentiment that such a quality or circumstance ought to rouse such a passion, though the foundation of all, is generally assumed without proof, or even without mention. This forms the major proposition, which is suppressed as obvious. His whole art is exerted in evincing the minor, which is the antecedent in his argument, and which maintains the reality of those attendant circumstances in the case in hand. A careful attention to the examples of vehemence in the First Chapter, and the quotation in the foregoing note, will sufficiently illustrate this remark.

SECTION VII.

How an unfavourable passion must be calmed.

I come now to the second question on the subject of passion. How is an unfavourable passion, or disposition, to be calmed? The answer is, either, first, by annihilating, or at least diminishing the object which raised it; or secondly, by exciting some other passion which may counterwork it.

By proving the falsity of the narration, or the utter incredibility of the future event, on the supposed truth of which the passion was founded, the object is annihilated. It is diminished by all such circumstances as are contrary to those by which it is increased. These are, improbability, implausibility,