tion of Independence, and there is the Constitution of the United States-let them speak for themselves. The grossly immoral and dishonest doctrine of despotic State sovereignty, the exclusive judge of its own obligations, and responsible to no power on earth or in heaven, for the violation of them, is not there. The Declaration says, it is not in me. The Constitution says, it is not in me.

JACKSON

ANDREW JACKSON was born in 1767, at the Waxhaw or Warsaw Settle

see.

ment on the boundary of North and South Carolina, whither his parents had emigrated from Carrickfergus in Ireland, in 1765. He had no regular school. ing. Some slight share he had in the War of Independence, and was taken prisoner in 1781. Subsequently he studied law at Salisbury, North Carolina, and, having been admitted to the bar, began to practice at Nashville, TennesIn 1796 he helped to frame the Constitution of Tennessee, and represented that State in the Federal Congress, where he distinguished himself as an irreconcilable opponent of Washington. In 1797 he was elected a United States Senator, but resigned in the following year. He was Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee from 1798 to 1804. At the trial of Aaron Burr in 1807, Jackson was one of his conspicuous champions. In 1813, as MajorGeneral of Militia, he commanded in the campaign against the Creek Indians in Georgia and Alabama, and there first attracted general notice by his talents. In May, 1814, he was commissioned a Major-General in the regular army to serve against the British. In November, he captured Pensacola, which had been used as a base of operations, and on January 8, 1815, he inflicted a severe defeat on the enemy before New Orleans. In 1818 he received the command against the Seminoles in Florida, and in 1821 he was appointed military governor of that territory. In August, 1822, the Tennessee House of Representatives nominated Jackson for President, and in the following year he was sent to the Federal Senate. In the general election of 1824 Jackson obtained the largest number of electoral votes, but at the ensuing election by the House of Representatives Adams was chosen. In 1828 Jackson was elected President by a large majority, and was re-elected to a second term. In the course of his administration he overthrew the Bank of the United States, crushed the attempt of South Carolina to nullify Federal statutes, and, having quarrelled with John C. Calhoun, gave the weight of his influence to Van Buren's candidacy for the Presidency. When he went out of office on March 4, 1837, he was far more popular than when he first became Chief Magistrate, and, until the last day of his life, his name was a spell to conjure with. He died near Nashville on June 8, 1845.

STATE RIGHTS AND FEDERAL SOVEREIGNTY

SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS, DELIVERED MARCH 4, 1833

Fellow-Citizens:

HE will of the American people, expressed through their unsolicited suffrages, calls me before you to

TH

pass through the solemnities preparatory to taking upon myself the duties of President of the United States for another term. For their approbation of my public conduct through a period which has not been without its difficulties, and for this renewed expression of their confidence in my good intentions, I am at a loss for terms adequate to the expression of my gratitude.

It shall be displayed to the extent of my humble abilities in continued efforts so to administer the government as to preserve their liberty and promote their happiness.

So many events have occurred within the last four years which have necessarily called forth-sometimes under circumstances the most delicate and painful-my views of the principles and policy which ought to be pursued by the general government that I need on this occasion but allude to a few leading considerations connected with some of them.

The foreign policy adopted by our government soon after the formation of our present Constitution, and very generally pursued by successive administrations, has been crowned with almost complete success, and has elevated our character among the nations of the earth. To do justice

to all and to submit to wrong from none has been during