ACHIEVEMENTS (the) and the Moral of 1867;
see Reform Bill.

Army; see Military Systems of Europe.

BRITAIN, Social Sores of, 497; the English
race, 497; our national life, and vainglory
in reference to it, 498; imperfections of
our judicial administration, 499-501; cri-
minal justice unadapted to our present
circumstances, 501-2; crime and outrage,
503; our commercial morality, 504-7;
railway mismanagement, 507-9; ineffici
ency of our municipal government, 509-10;
our poorer classes, 513-15; dwellings for
the poor, 513-5; agricultural labourers,
515-17; disorganization of labour, 517-20;
superiority of Continental life, 520-2; dis-
content of the higher classes, 522-4; dis-
use of and disinclination to marriage
among them, 524; redundancy of women,
525; results of involuntary celibacy,
526-7; sham celibacy, 528-29; results of
luxury, 530; analogous social evils in the
United States, 530-31; summary of con-
clusions, 531-2.

CAIRO, account of the formation of the Public
Museum at, 154-5.

Christian Ethics; see Moral Theories.
Christianity, relations of Heathenism and
Judaism with, 257; Döllinger's works on
Church History, 257-8; unity of truth,
259; civil and ecclesiastical elements
interwoven, 259, 260; history of Church
and State inseparable, 261; general pur-
pose of Döllinger's Heathenism and
Judaism,' 262; the displacement of other
religions by Christianity, 263; the prin-
ciple operating in the various forms pre-
sented by the ancient religions, 264;
origin of polytheism, 265; the endless va-
rieties of cultus into which the two great
forms of Nature-worship-astrolatry and
geolatry-were developed, 266; general
characteristics pervading polytheistic re-
ligions, 267; religions of Egypt and Etru-
ria, 268; ancient creed of Egypt mono-
theistic, 269; discrepancies between the

Egyptian and Greek theogony, 269; ani-
mal-worship of Egypt and its moral bear-
ings, 270-71; the mythology of Greece
and its demoralizing influence, 271-3; no
corrective supplied by the mysteries,'
274-5; Greek philosophy, 276;
the pagan-
ism of Rome, 276; multiplicity of Roman
gods, 277-8; idols worshipped as personal
gods, 279; the Roman religion in regard
to the dead, 280; human sacrifices in its
worship, 281; effectiveness attributed to
these, 282; rites of the criobolium and
taurobolium, 283; demoralizing results of
the Roman worship, 284-5; the influence
of philosophy powerless as a corrective,
286-7; in its practical teaching, no clear
notion of a Divine providence, 288; con-
sequent depraved condition of Roman so-
ciety, 289; historical truth of Paul's
statements in the first chapter of his
Epistle to the Romans, 289; monstrous
condition of society in relation to chastity,
290;-sects among the Jews-the Es-
senes, 291; leading element of Essenian-
ism, 292; longings for unknown truth,
293; Judaism at the advent of Christi-
anity, 294; the first age of Christianity,
295; Döllinger's volume on this period,
296; adoption of Jewish traditions by
the early church, 297; influence of the
Jewish element on Christian worship, 298;
common worship of Jews and Christians,
299; second and third centuries, 300;
adoption of pagan ceremonial, 301.
Concilia Scotiae-a collection of the Canons

and account of the Councils of the Scottish
Church, A.D. 1225-1259, by Dr. Joseph
Robertson (see Robertson), 71, 73; la-
bours of earlier writers in this department,
73; analysis of the work, 73-75; constitu-
tion of the early Celtic Church, 75; first
Scottish Council in the reign of Constan-
tine, held at Scone, 75; reforms under
Malcolm Canmore, 76; reigns of Alex-
ander III. and of David, 77; independence
of the Scottish Church acknowledged by
a bull of Pope Clement I., 77; account
of the coronation of the early kings, 78;

system introduced by the bull of Pope
Honorius in 1225, 79, 80; history of the
Provincial Councils, 81; the first Coun-
cil of which we have a record, in 1420,
held at Perth, 82; reign of James I., 82,
83; a metropolitan see in Scotland sanc-
tioned in 1472 by Pope Sixtus IV., 83;
conflicting privileges of St. Andrews and
Glasgow, and consequent prevention of
any Provincial Council for about fifty
years, 84, 85; primacy of Cardinal Bea-
ton, 85; important synod at Edinburgh
under the presidency of his successor
Archbishop Hamilton, 85-87; Provincial
Council three years later, in 1552, 88;
account of the last council (1559), 88-90;
fall of the Roman hierarchy in Scotland,
90; ecclesiastical misrule in the Media-
val Church, 91; great value of Dr. Robert-
son's work to future historians, 91-93.

DISRAELI and his Reform Bill, 205-56. See
Reform.

Döllinger, Dr., his works on Church His-
tory, 257-301.

Doré, Gustave, and his popularity as an
artist, 127, 128: the French deficient in
the perception of beauty, 129; modern
caricature in Britain and France con-
trasted, 130; Doré's representations of
suffering, 131; the tragic versus the hor-
rible, 132-3; defects in his representations
of the Crucifixion, 133; historical paint-
ing in Italy and France, 134-5; the
French national character as contrasted
with others, 136; flirtation v. love, 137;
Scotch artists, 137-8; Doré's illustrations
of Don Quixote,' 138-of 'Dante,' 139-
142- Croquemitaine and Cinderella,'
143 of the Bible, 144-47; defects and
merits of his works, 147-8.

EARLY YEARS of his Royal Highness the
Prince-Consort,' 189; home of his child-
hood, with notices of his mother, 190;
his education-first visit to England, 191;
letter to Queen Victoria on her accession
to the throne, 192; mode of life at Florence
and Rome, 193; visit to England in 1839
-letters at the time of his engagement to
the Queen, 194-5; conduct of the Opposi-
tion of that day with regard to the Prince,
196-7; sketches of character contained in
the work, 198; character of the Prince as
delineated by his tutor, his cousin Prince
Mernsdorff, and his fellow-student Prince
Löwenstein, 199; the view he took of his
position in England as the Queen's hus-
band, as expressed by himself to the Duke
of Wellington, 201; causes of early un-
popularity in certain quarters, 202; change
in the feelings of the English people to-
wards the monarchy, 202; the national

sympathy with the loss of the counsellor,
the husband, and the friend, 203-4.
Egypt, religion of, 268-71.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo,-secret of his in-
fluence over his countrymen, 319; trans-
atlantic thought, 320; American tran-
scendentalism, 321-2; abstract of his
Cambridge address, 323-4; Carlyle and
Emerson, 324; Emerson the most unsys-
tematic of writers, 325-6; pithy mots,
326-7; his disregard of grammar and mis-
application of terms, 327; illustrations of
his earlier style, 328-9; characteristics of
his poetry, 329-31; his eclecticism in
philosophy, 332; definition of transcen-
dentalism, 333; his mysticism, 334-6;
his philosophical idealism, 337; the two
ultimate principles of the dualistic philo
sophy, 338-9; his optimism, 340; his
ethical views, 341; liberty and necessity,
342; his combination of stern practical
rectitude with an ideal standard, 343;
ancient and modern ethical systems, 344-
349; Mr. Emerson as a teacher and critic,
349; contrasted with Carlyle, 349-51;
verses on slavery, 351; his political
views, 352; his Representative Men,'
353-4; his English Traits,' 355; re-
marks on his influence as a man and as a
writer, 356-8.

GLADSTONE and Reform, 209; his leadership
of the Liberals, 251-56.
Great Pyramid; see Pyramid.
Greece, mythology of, and its demoralizing
influence, 271-76.

The

HAUCH, Carsten, a Danish poet, 94; his
literary career, 99-102; Scandinavian
literature, 95-97; Hauch's position in the
literature of Denmark, 98, 101; lyric
genius of the Scandinavians, 99; transla-
tions of a few of Hauch's lyrics:
Fall of Poland,' 102; The Mermaid of
Samsö, 103-105; The Life of Plants,'
105-107; his dramas, 107; 'pragmatic'
tragedy, 108; his dramatic style, 109;
opening scene of Julian the Apostate,'
110-115; further characteristic specimens
from the same drama, 115-125; remarks
on the conclusion of the tragedy, 125,

126.

ITALY in 1867, 463; present state of the
Roman question, 464; conduct of the
French government, 464-5; probability of
Italy accomplishing absolute unity, 465-7;
dearth of information on Italy as it is,
468; its population, 469; agricultural,
industrial, and commercial resources,
470-80; its religious life, 480-87; state
of education, 487-90; its journalism, 491;
its first Parliament, 492; its statesmen,

492-3; difficulties with which Italy has to
contend, 494-96.

MILITARY Systems of Europe, 404; a period
of transition reached, 405; percentage of
soldiers to population, 406; steps requi-
site to terminate war, 407; recruiting in
Britain, 409-10; military system neces-
sary for us, 411;-characteristics of the
French system, 411-413; its septennial
service, 414-5 (see also note, 440) ;—Rus-
sian system, 416-17-the Prussian ser-
vice-materials of the army, 417-18; suf-
fering entailed on the nation by a state of
warfare, 419-20; cost of the army, 421-2;
period of service, 422;-the Swiss mili-
tary service, 423;-necessity of a stand-
ing army in Great Britain, 424; demoral-
izing influence of our recruiting system,
425, 431; a general military training de-
sirable, 426-27; plan proposed, 428-29;
school drill, 429-30; promotion in the
army, 432-5; benefits of a shorter term
of service, 435-7; on liberty to engage in
civil occupations, 437-8; establishment
of a local connexion between districts and
particular corps of all arms, 439-40.
Moral Theories and Christian Ethics,-ethi-
cal thought in modern times turned off
into other channels, 1, 2; hindrances to
moral study, 3; human character the one
great subject of moral science, 4, 5; defi-
nition of character, 6; psychology the
starting-point of moral science,-two ways
in which it may go to work, 7, 8; mistake
commonly made by analysts, 9, 10; the
dynamic power in the moral life, 11; an
swers of moralists to the question, What
are the objects determining the will in a
way that can be called moral ?-Adam
Smith's classification, 11, 12; survey of
moral systems-Plato, 12-14; Aristotle,
14-16; Butler, 16-18; Kant, 18-21; utili-
tarian theories,-Bentham, 21, 22; John
Stuart Mill, 22-24, and Professor Bain,
23; pleasure not a moral motive, 25;
want of motive power in moral systems,
26-28; the moral law as exhibited by
Kant, 28; ascent from moral law to per-
sonality, 29; the notion of God, 30; the
Christian motive power, 31; Christianity
versus Philosophy, 32; the former alone
gives inspiration to Morality, 33, 34, by
the assurance that God is with us, 35;
Christian morality without Christian
Faith, 36, 37; the Comtian 'service of
humanity, 38, 39; Mr. Arnold and
British Philistinism, 40; Culture (41, 42)
inadequate to be the highest end, 43; the
criterion of Revelation mainly a moral
one, 44-46.

Morals, natural history of, 359; the moral
and intellectual elements in the mental

atmosphere, 359, 360; the universality of
ethical precepts, 361; progress of intel-
lectual truths,-Aristotle, Bacon, Des-
cartes, 362; the induction and deduction
of the savage, 363; effect produced by the
formal statement of intellectual laws, 364;
investigation precedes the philosophy of
method, 365; the ancients devoid of
scientific conceptions, 366; method is
perfected by practice, 367; the advance
of intellectual laws only a development
of principles previously known, 368; cor-
respondence between ethics and law, 369;
both undergoing the same change, 370;
Casuistry, 371; morals developed by
changing circumstances, and by leaning
towards particular ways of thinking, 372;
illustrated in reference to slavery, 373;
summary of the argument against Buckle's
erroneous distinction between moral and
intellectual laws, 374; the psychological
and the statistical methods, 375; the
union of the moral and the mental ele-
ments, 376-7; what are the proximate
causes of our moral ideas? 378; the two
methods of ethical inquiry, 379,-the theo-
logical and the scientific, 379, 380; primi-
tive society, 380, 381; self-preservation,
381, 384; primitive ethics have only a
local range, 383; infanticide among the
primitive tribes, 384-5; the instinct of ac-
cumulation, 386; agency of formal speech,
387; origin of poetry, 387; change which
takes place through the disintegration of
the tribes, 388-9; relations between hu-
man beings have a tendency to widen,
389-90; local types of virtue killed by
progress, 390-91; the law of natural selec.
tion, 391-3; the competition of good with
evil types, 394-5; the competition of races,
396-7; dogmatic and argumentative teach-
ing, 398-400; the arguments against re-
ligious persecution, 400-402; immutability
of moral truth, 402; the geology of ethics,
403.

POPULATION-Dr. Duncan's statistics as to
Fecundity, Fertility, and Sterility, 441;
these terms defined, 442-4; general law
derived by Professor Tait from these sta-
tistics, 444-6; tables showing the compa-
rative fecundity at different ages, and
deductions from them, 447, et seq.; com-
parison of the fertility of different races,
4534; Malthus and Mill, 454-5, 457;
multiplication of paupers, 457; diseased
children, 458; risk run by healthy women
in childbirth, 459; death-rates in hospi-
tals, 460; the question of sterility, 461;
problems connected with fertility, 462.
Prince-Consort; see Early Years of the
Prince-Consort.'

Provençal Poems (Modern), 302; the dia-

lects of the south of France-the Langue
d'oc and the Langue d'oil, 303-4; varied
literature of the Provençal school, 305;
the populations of the south, 306; Jasmin
and his poems, 307-11: Roumanille, 311;
Frederic Mistral, 312; his Mireille and
Calendau, 313-18.

Pyramid (the Great), Professor Smyth's work
on, 149, 150; observation versus specula-
tion, 151; dedication of the work, 152;
questions relating to the Great Pyramid,
153; state of uncertainty as to these when
Mr. Smyth entered on his labours, 154;
the Museum at Cairo, 154-5; denuncia-
tions of Prussian vandalism, 155-6; re-
marks on Humboldt, 156; preliminary
difficulties in setting about the examina-
tion of the Pyramid, 157; first glimpse of
the Pyramid, 158; the Sphinx, 159, and
its dimensions, 160; selection of a tempo-
rary dwelling at East Tombs-armour of
the guards, 161; difficulties encoun-
tered-Ramadan, the great Moham-
medan fast, 162; discouragement owing
to a great optician-the ways of genius-
reference scales, 162-66; annoyances from
Travellers, 166; Yankee snobbishness,
167-8; British folly in the expedition to
Egypt under Sir Ralph Abercromby, 169-
171; process of pyramid-building, 171;
leading feature, 172; the upper chambers,
173; construction of the Pyramid de-
scribed, 174; the King's and Queen's
chambers, 175-6; external dimensions,
instruments used, etc., 177-181; when
and by whom was the Great Pyramid
built, 181-2; pyramid standards, 183;
the French Metrical system, 184; teleo-
logy-speculations as to the symbolic
meaning of certain proportions in the
Pyramid, 185-7; further inquiry neces-
sary, 187.

REFORM BILL of 1867-predominant feeling
of thinking men on the session of that year,
205 contrasted with the conflicts of 1832
and 1846, 206-7; difficult dilemma of the
Conservative party, 208; their treatment
of Gladstone in 1866, 209; the sin both
of chief and followers, 209-10; cynicism
of the Tory leader, 211-12; exceptional
Tory Abdiels, 213-215; protests of Lord
Cranborne, 215-6, and Lord Carnarvon,
216-7; inconsistency of the Tories, and
mistakes and faults of the sincere friends
of Reform, 218-220; want of moral cour-
age among Liberals, 221-2; Mr. Lowe's
proposal for the adoption of the cumulative
vote, 222-3; provisions of the new Radical

measure, 223; its probable scope, 224-5;
enfranchising clauses, 224-6; the lodger
franchise, 226; new county franchise,
227; the redistribution clauses, 227, 243;
tabular view of the present anomalies of
the representation, 228; increase of elec-
tioneering and corruption an almost certain
result of the new measure, 229, 230;
members of the future House, 231-2; fa-
lacy of trusting to wealth and rank, 233;
evil consequences of class legislation, 234;
tendencies of democratic legislation, 235;
security for the possible good, and against
the possible dangers of the measure, 236,
-inadequacy of primary education, 237-
40; duties of the rich and cultivated, 241-
242; much work yet to be done, 243; the
relations of Capital and Labour, 244;
trades-unions and their operation, 245-6,
-they do not raise wages, 247,-danger-
ous to the whole community, 248; mode
of dealing with them, 249-50; party-dis-
integration an achievement of the past
session, 250; Mr. Gladstone as a party
leader, 251-56.

Robertson, Dr. Joseph, his early life and first
literary efforts, 63, 64; connexion with
the Spalding Club, 64; his work on the
Antiquities of the Northern Counties of
Scotland, 64-66; becomes editor of a
newspaper, first in Glasgow, and after-
wards in Edinburgh, 66, 67; appointed
Curator of the Historical Department,
Register House, 68; sketch of his liter-
ary labours, 68-72; his collection of the
Canons and Councils of the Scottish
Church his greatest work, 73. See Con-
cilia Scotiae.

Rome, ancient, religion of, 276-85; depraved
condition of Roman society, 289-90.
SCANDINAVIAN Literature, 94 et seq.
Social Sores of Britain; see Britain.

TRADES-UNIONS and their operations, 245-
250.

VERS de Société, English: elements essen-
tial to their perfection, 47, 48; elegance
in poetry, 49; what genuine vers de so
ciété ought to be, 49-51; Herrick and
Ronsard, 52; Suckling and Cowley, 53;
the Elizabethan age, 54; Society of the
Hôtel Rambouillet, 55; the French school
of secondary poetry, 56; Béranger, 57;
English political poems, 58; Praed, 59;
Walter Savage Landor, etc., 60-62.
Virtue, what is it ?-importance of the ques-
tion in moral systems, 11 et seq.