struck him, that, if it were not for the two heavy stones, he could get over the ground much quicker. His mother al you in my splendid business. Is it a bargain ?" "How can you doubt it?" cried the enchanted Claude. "Do you fancy Iways supped at eight o'clock, and the should hesitate? My greatest wish has always been to have plenty of money in my pocket. Would not that be better than the possession of this white goose? You also said I should be as happy as that merry bird, the cock-sparrow. Is not that in itself a sufficient return for parting with a common white goose ?" Instantly he handed the bird over to the nasty old man, and received, with many thanks, the broken grindstone. Just as Claude was about to carry away his prize, the knife-grinder called after him "If you'll take my advice, you pick up that capital paving-stone," and he pointed to one that had become loosened by the road-side; "you'll find it the most useful thing in the world for straightening crooked knives upon. I've often lost a hatful of money for want of such a lovely paving-stone. You can carry it under the other arm, and it will help to balance you, for it is nice and heavy.' "Upon my word, you are very kind to give me such excellent advice," stammered Claude; "I am infinitely obliged to you, and will take advantage of your offer, if I am not robbing you." His eyes sparkling with delight, and his heart as light as a soap-bubble, off he went, carrying under each arm the heavy stones which were to make his fortune. "This luck cannot last," he murmured; "it is too good to continue. I am only afraid some dreadful misfortune will overtake me, after the brilliant successes I have met with." These stones were very, very heavy, and every moment they seemed to grow heavier. It was difficult to keep them firmly fixed under the arm; they would slip down, and he had to jerk them up to their places again. Claude had been on foot since the morning, and now the sun was rapidly sinking in the west. He grew very tired, and heartily wished he was at home. Every quarter of an hour he was obliged to sit down and rest himself. Naturally enough, the thought stars were peeping out, But, being a boy of high courage, he would not give in. He trudged along with his precious burden, and very delighted he was when at last he reached the little stream which was only about one mile distant from his home. This was to be his last restingplace. He carefully placed the stones on the mossy bank, and, stretching himself at full length beside them, felt as comfortable as if he were reclining on a sofa. Unfortunately for him, he determined before leaving the spot on tasting the waters and while leaning over to reach it, a clumsy movement of his arm rolled both the stones into the deep water. As Claude saw his treasures sink to the bottom, he felt as if a load had been taken off his mind. How heavy those stones had been! how tired his arms felt! To have carried them another mile would have been torture. He fell on his knees and thanked Providence for having delivered him from such a ponderous burden. "Lucky to the last," he cried, as he turned his face in the direction of his mother's cottage. "I am the most fortunate lad on the face of the earth; it seems destined that nothing shall oppress me." It only took him twenty minutes to walk the last mile of his journey Relieved of the heavy stones, his body seemed light as a balloon, and he floated along the road. Delighted at his wonderful good fortune, and the excellent bargains he had made, he entered his mother's cottage as smiling and happy as if his sweetheart lived there. His mother, who had not seem him for seven years, rose from her seat, and embraced him with great love. Her voice trembled with pleasure as she welcomed him home. When she was a little calmer she said, "They have given me until tomorrow to pay my rent, for I told them my dear son would soon arrive, and bring with him his hard-earned savings to free me from ruin." She saw Claude Hopper's uneasy man ner, and, by a little pressing, prevailed | excellent exchanges he had made. But upon him to relate the wonderful good although Claude tried to prove his cas luck he had met with that day, and the to her in the clearest manner, yet she re fused to take his view of the matter, and only sat with her apron up to her eyes, rocking herself backwards and forwards in her chair, whilst every now and then she called out "Claude Hopper! Claude Hopper! my unfortunate son! how happy we might have been, if you bad remained contented with your lot. The labour you understood you prospered by, but by attempt ing what you did not comprehend, you have thrown away the result of seven years' toil for that which has not even lasted a single day. HELP YOURSELF. THIS is the true secret of success, the master-key that unlocks all difficulties in the various paths of life. Aide-toi, et le ciel t'aidera, as the French have it-help yourself, and heaven will help you. The greatest affliction that can befall a young man is to be the recipient of charity-to lean for any length of time upon others for support. He who begins with crutches will end with crutches. It is not in the sheltered garden, but on the rugged Alpine cliffs, where the storm beats most violently, that the hardiest plants are reared. It is not by the use of corks, bladders, and life-preservers, that you can best learn to swim, but by plunging courageously into the wave, and buffeting it, like Cæsar and Cassius, "with lusty sinews." The moneyed charity of individuals to individuals is one of the greatest curses that afflict society. It is the upastree that paralyses and reduces to the last gasp the moral energy of every man who inhales its poisonous atmosphere. Under the appearance of aiding, it weakens its victims, and keeps them in perpetual slavery and degradation. Cold, consequential, and patronizing, it freezes the recipient into humiliation, and there leaves him, as firmly wedged as Sir John Franklin amid the thick-ribbed ice of the Arctic Ocean. Money bestowed this way is nine times out of ten more truly wasted than if thrown into the sea. It is labour bestowed upon a worthless soil, incapable of yielding anything but a crop of weeds, or feeble plants which never reach ma turity. God never intended that strong, independent human beings should be reared by clinging to others, like the ivy to the oak, for support. The difficulties, hardships, and trials of life-the obstacles that one encounters in the road to fortune-are positive blessings. They knit his muscles more firmly and teach him self-reliance, just as by wrestling with an athlete who is superior to us, we increase our own strength, and learn the secret of his skill. Read the history of the rich and poor in all ages and countries, and if you do not find that "the lucky dogs," as they are called, begun life at the foot of the ladder, without a finger's "lift" from anybody, while the "unfortunates," who flit along the paths of life more like scarecrows than human beings, attribute the first declension in their fortunes to having been bolstered and propped up by others-we will resign all pretensions to philosophy. All experience shows that this boasted benevolence tends to extinguish the faint sparks of energy in those who partake of it, till, having fallen into the despair and indolence inseparable from a cultivated sense of inferiority, they look upon themselves as beyond the pale of hope, and, at last, lose even the wish for independence. Those who entertain a really just estimate of their own abili ties, and journey through life with a determination to improve themselves by every passing occurrence, and thus give stability to their minds, may be said to be independent of the world, and, therefore, the architects of their own position. exempt from juries are:-All peers, judges of the PERSONS EXEMPT FROM JURIES.-The persons superior courts, clergymen, Roman Catholic priests; dissenting ministers whose place of meeting is duly registered, and who follow no secular occupation but that of schoolmasters; serjeants, barristers, advocates, actually prac tising; attorneys, solicitors and proctors, actually practising and taking out their certificates; officers of all courts of law or equity, or of ecclesiastical or admiralty jurisdiction, actually exercising their duties; coroners, goalers, and keepers of houses caries, duly practising; officers of the Royal army of correction; physicians, surgeons and apotheand navy on full pay; licensed pilots, or masters of vessels in the buoy or light service, duly of custom and excise, sheriffs' officers, high conlicensed; servants of the Royal household, officers stables, and parish-clerks, THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HEALTH CHAPTER THE NINTH. ON STARCH AND SUGAR AS ARTICLES BEFORE proceeding to speak of food containing sugar, we must add a few more words on starch. Chemically, starch is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; and their quantities are expressed in symbols as follows: C12, H10, 010; but it differs in some of its chemical and physical properties, according to the plants from whence it is obtained. In this way chemists have distinguished several kinds of starch. Inuline is a form of starch obtained from the Inula Helenium (the elecampane), a plant not uncommon in our own fields. Lichen starch is another form, which is found in almost all kinds of alge, as well as lichens. This starch has the same power of thickening water at a high temperature as arrowroot and tapioca; and hence, when any of these plants are boiled in water, they form a thick mucilaginous decoction. The thickness of the fluid thus obtained, under the erroneous notion of its being nutritious, has led to the use of many species of seaweeds and lichens as articles of diet. One of the plants of this kind, which has been used most extensively, and is still largely employed, is the Iceland moss (Cetraria Icelandica). It belongs to the family of lichens, and is a native of the northern parts of the world. It is sold in the chemists' shops, and is used more especially as an article of diet in the sick-room. It has a slightly bitter taste, which seems dependent on some chemical secretion, and probably gives it a tonic action on the system. It has been recommended in consumption, cough, indigestion, diarrhoea, and dysentery. It can have no great influence in curing these diseases; and any beneficial action that may have been felt has probably been due to the demulcent action of the starch on the mucous membranes, and the tonic effect of the bitter principle. Lichens must, however, contain other dietetical secretions besides starch, as we find they are capable of supporting animal existence. The reindeer moss, (Cenomyce rangiferina,) is an instance of this. In the northern parts of the world, as well as in mountainous districts, this lichen grows in great abundance; and during the winter season is the principal support of the reindeer. In spite of the extreme cold to which it is subjected, this plant grows with vigour, and the reindeer, in order to obtain it as food, is obliged to remove with its nose the snow with which it is sometimes covered for many feet. The cup-moss (Cenomyce pyxidata), of our own moors, belongs to the same genus as the reindeer-moss, and is also used as an article of diet, in the same way as the Ice. land moss. The Tripe de roche is another of these lichens, which has been used as an article of diet. It has a melancholy interest attached to it, as it has so often formed the chief article of diet of our Arctic navigators. Few persons will have read the harrowing narrative of Sir John Richardson, when accompanying Sir John Franklin's expedition to the North Pole, without connecting the name of the Tripe de roche with the sufferings and calamities of the travellers. Two species of lichens, the Gyrophora proboscidea and G. erosa afford the Tripe de roche. Although they are said to be nutritious, they are described as having bitter, nauseous, and purgative properties. Before leaving the lichens, we may add, that many of the family possess medicinal properties, and that the dyes known by the name of Perelle orchil and cudbear are prepared from species of Lecanora and Roccella. In various parts of the Crystal Palace are to be seen specimens both of the lichens and dyes prepared from them, and many of the more brilliant purples, reds, and blues, which distinguish the woollen, silk, and cotton fabrics, are due to the secretions formed in these humble plants. Amongst the sea-weeds which have been used as articles of diet, none is better known than the Chondrus crispus, which, under the name of Carrageen moss, Irish moss, and Pearl moss, has been for a long time used in Europe. It grows on the rocky sea-shores of Europe; and when washed and dried, and then boiled with water, makes a mucilaginous decoction, which, like the same preparation of the Iceland moss, has been recommended in consumption, coughs, diarrhoea, and other diseases. It has, however, no bitter principle, and is probably less tonic than the lichen. This, and other seaweeds, have been occasionally had recourse to by the poor inhabitants of the sea-shores of Europe, more especially Ireland, when the ordinary corn or potato crop has failed. They contain, however, but little nutritious matter, and persons soon famish who live upon nothing else. There are certain forms of sea-weed which are often eaten as an addition to other kinds of food. There is, in all of them, a certain flavour of the sea, arising probaby from the saline matter they contain, which renders them very objectionable to some persons as articles of food, and which will probably always form an objection to their general use. Of those which are eaten in various parts of England, we may men tion 1. Laver, Sloke, Slokam (Porphyra laciniata). This plant is of a very delicate texture, of a purple colour, with its fronds deeply cleft and very broad. There is also another species, P. vulgaris, which has its fronds undivided. They are both very common plants on all our sea-shores; and, when employed as food, they are salted, and eaten with pepper, vinegar, and oil. 2. Green laver, Green sloke, Oyster green (Ulva latissima.) This plant has a broad, oblong frond, of a deep green colour, and is found very commonly on our shores, on rocks and stones, all the year round. It must not, however, be confounded with its congener, Ulva linza, which is more common, and of a deeper green hue; the fronds of this species is much more pointed and narrow, it is also wavy at the edges. The ulva is not so good to eat as the porphyra, and is only had recourse to when the latter is not abundant. It is prepared by stewing it till it is reduced to a pultaceous mass, it is then eaten with salt, pepper, and lemon-juice, or vinegar. 3. Tangle, Sea-ware, Sea-girdles, Seawand, Red-ware, (Laminaria digitata.) Those who have been at the sea-side will know this plant from its long fronds, and riding-whip-like stalk. It grows in the sea just below low-water mark, and is rooted up and thrown ashore at every tide. At first sight it looks a very unlikely plant to yield food. When young, however, it is tender, and is eaten with dulse and other sea-weeds. It is cooked by boiling for a long time, and adding pepper, butter, and lemon-juice. Cattle are fed on it, when young, in some parts of the British Islands. 4. Badderlochs, Hen-ware, Honey-ware, Murlins, (Alaria esculenta.) It is a native of rocky coasts in deep water. The part of the plant which is eaten is the thick middle rib, which runs through the frond. It is sometimes called the "Eatable fucus." 5. The Dulse of the south-west of England, is the Iridea edulis of botanists. It has a broad, flat, fleshy, undivided leaf, of a purple colour. It is eaten by the fishermen of the south-west coasts of England, who, before eating it, pinch it between red hot irons. In Scotland it is cooked in the fryingpan. It is said to resemble in its flavour roasted oysters. Another species of seaweed, called Laurencia pinnatifida, is some times eaten on account of its pungent flavour, and is hence called pepper dulse. 6. Dulse of the Scotch, Dellisk, Dellish, Duileisg, Water-leaf, (Rhodomenia palmata.) This plant, which is common on all our coasts, "is the true dulse. It has a purple, leathery, membranous frond, which is irregularly cut, and has forked or dictotomous segments. The Highlanders and the Irish, before the introduction of tobacco, were in the habit of drying this weed, and using it as a masticatory. The Icelanders use it as an article of diet, under the name of the Sugar fucus. In the islands of the Archipelago, it is employed as an ingredient to flavour soups, ragouts, and other dishes. When this plant is dried and put in water, it exhales an odour resembling that of violets, and it communicates this flavour to the dishes to which it is added. Several other sea-weeds have been employed as food, but these are the principal that are at present used in this country. In China the people are very fond of sea-weeds, and many kinds are collected, and added to soups, or are eaten alone with sauce. One of these, the Plocaria tenax, is sometimes brought to this country under the name of Chinese moss. The decoction it makes is so thick that it is used as glue. The Corsican moss, which has a reputation in medicine, as well as a diet, is the Plocaria Helminthocortos, and is found on the coasts of the Mediterranean. Another sea-weed was recently imported into London, under the name of Australian moss; but although affording a very thick jelly, it tastes too strongly of the sea to be rendered pleasant by any kind of cooking. In concluding our remarks upon starch as an article of diet, we cannot too strongly inpress upon our readers the fact, that it is not of itself a nutritious form of food. Sago, tapioca, and arrow-root should, on this account, never form the entire or principal part of the diet of young or old; and there are many vegetables which contain so large a quantity of starch, that they should only be eaten in connexion with food containing more nutritive matter. Amongst these we will now proceed to refer to the more common. The carrot, (Daucus carota,) and the parsnip, (Pastinaca sativa,) (Fig. 24,) are both plants whose roots contain a good deal of starch, and little nutritive matter. They contain much water, and the tissues of which they are composed are indigestible so that they are not only not good food alone, but should be always eaten cautiously. They both belong to the natural family of |