thought fit to send a Squadron of Thirty English and Dutch Men of War into the Sound, besides Fire-ships and Bomb vessels.. Whereupon the Danish Fleet quitted the Sound; and presently. retir'd in

some Confusion, the Peace was at length sign'd on the 18th of August [1700], between Denmark, Sweden, and the Duke of Holstein, with the Exclusion of Moscovy and Poland."

153 Th' ambitious Gaul, etc.: As a Whig, Addison of course supported the king in his desire for war with France, a desire which was opposed by the Tory ministry and the Tory majority in the Parliament of 1701. History at this point, which is very complicated, is conveniently summarized in Gardiner's Student's History of England, chap. xliii, §§ 8-22. On the matter of bribery, Boyer tells us (William III, III, 467-468) that the "great quantity of Foreign Gold in England, at this Time gave occasion for a Report that Count Fallard the French Ambassador had brought it over, and distributed it among some Members of the H. [ouse] of Com.[mons]. But what Truth there is in this, I shall not pretend to determine."

161-162 At this figure Dr. Johnson roars: "To bridle a goddess is no very delicate idea; but why must she be bridled? because she longs to launch; an act which was never hindered by a bridle: and whither will she launch? into a nobler strain. She is in the first line a horse, in the second a boat: and the care of the poet is to keep his horse or his boat from singing" (Johnson's Lives, ed. Cunningham, II, 158).

THE CAMPAIGN

The Campaign as printed in Tickell is preceded by the following

half title:

THE

CAMPAIGN,

A

POEM,

To His GRACE the

DUKE of MARLBOROUGH.

Rheni pacator et Istri.

Omnis in hoc Uno variis discordia cessit

Ordinibus; lætatur Eques, plauditque Senator,

Votaque Patricio certant Plebeia favori.

Claud. de Laud. Stilic.

Esse aliquam in terris gentem quæ suâ impensâ, suo labore ac periculo bella gerat pro libertate aliorum. Nec hoc finitimis, aut propinquæ vicinitatis hominibus, aut terris continenti junctis præstet. Maria trajiciat: ne quod toto orbe terrarum injustum imperium sit, et ubique jus fas, lex, potentissima sint. (Liv. Hist. lib. 33.)

The first edition of The Campaign (see Bibliography) contained only the first of these quotations. The full references are: for the first, Claudian, De Laudibus Stilichonis, ll. 13, 48-50; for the second, Livy, xxxiii, 33, 5-7.

66 He

The circumstances under which The Campaign was written are thus summarized by Tickell (Addison's Works, 1721, I, x-xi): [Addison] remained for some time, after his return to England, without any public employment, which he did not obtain 'till the year 1704, when the Duke of Marlborough arrived at the highest pitch of glory, by delivering all Europe from slavery, and furnished Mr. Addison with a subject worthy of that genius which appears in his Poem called The Campaign. The Lord-Treasurer Godolphin, who was a fine judge of Poetry, had a sight of this work, when it was only carried on as far as the applauded simile of the Angel; and approved the Poem, by bestowing on the Author, in a few days after, the place of Commissioner of Appeals, vacant by the removal of the famous Mr. Locke to the council of Trade." The best short account of the life and campaigns of the Duke of Marlborough is that in the Dict. Nat. Biog., which gives ample references to the authorities for detailed study.

LINES 1-2 While crouds of princes, etc.: “Not many days after the Battle of Hochstet, the Emperor wrote a Letter to his Grace, wherein, after having given him the honourable and kind Appellations of most Illustrious Cousin, and most Dear Prince, his Imperial Majesty told him, 'That he had freely, and of his own accord, admitted him among the Princes of the Holy Empire, not so much in consideration of his Noble Family, as upon account of his Personal Merit, and his great Deserts towards the August House of Austria, and the Holy Roman Empire.'" (Boyer, Annals of the Reign of Queen Anne, III, 93.)

3 While Emperors to you commit their cause: "Prince Lewis of Baden . . . said [June 13, 1704], That his Grace was come to save the Empire, and give him an opportunity to Vindicate his Honour, which he was sensible was in some manner at the last Stake in the opinion of some People." (Annals, III, 57.)

4 Anna's praises: see the Annals, III, 167–169, for an account of Marlborough's visit to St. James's House, Dec. 5, 1704, "where he

25

was received with all the marks of Grace and Favour by Her Majesty, and His Royal Highness, Prince George of Denmark," and for the complimentary addresses from the Lord Keeper and from Parliament.

5 What the Muse recites: Among other poems on Marlborough's victory the chief was John Philips's Blenheim, 1705. Pseudo-Miltonic in style, it was politically a Tory poem. In addition may be mentioned John Dennis's Britannia Triumphans; or, a Poem on the Battel of Blenheim, John Dunton's The Blenheim Hero, and Nahum Tate's The Triumph, or Warriour's Welcome. There were also a number of Latin poems from the universities; several are collected in a volume called Plausus Musarum Oxoniensium, etc., Oxford, 1704.

17 Ausonia's states: Italy. Taine says of The Campaign (Histoire de la littérature anglaise, ed. Paris, 1863, III, 113): "Les pays y ont leur nom noble : l'Italie s'appelle l'Ausonie, la mer Noire s'appelle la mer Scythique."

25 Great Leopold: Leopold I (1640–1705), emperor 1658–1705.

37-38 Thy fav'rites, etc.: perfunctory and inaccurate: Marlborough's rise to power was in no small degree owing to his extremely cordial relations with the Duchess of Cleveland, on which see Jesse's Memoirs, I, 302, 337, and Chesterfield's Letters to his Son, No. 137. It is probable that he was also helped by the influence of his sister, who was the mistress of the Duke of York.

47 Soon as soft vernal breezes, etc.: On the 5th of May Marlborough set out from the Hague.

50 Crossing the provinces himself had won: In his Netherlands campaigns of 1702 and 1703, Marlborough had taken Kaiserswerth and Bonn on the Rhine and Roermonde, Liège, and Huy on the Meuse. Through this district he now proceeded, May 7-10, from Utrecht to Maestricht. (Coxe's Memoirs of... Marlborough, London, 1820, I, 324.) 52 War: army.

63 The stream: the Moselle.

87 The Neckar: On the 3d of June Marlborough arrived at Ladenburg; he crossed the Neckar at that point on the 4th or 5th of June. (Coxe, I, 332-334-)

99-100 At length... Eugenio: On June 10, at Mondelsheim, Marlborough had his first interview with Prince Eugene.

115-116 Britannia's graceful sons. . . the heroe's presence warms: "His Grace ordering his Army to be drawn up in Battalia before the Prince," says Boyer, "his Highness express'd his surprize to find them in so good Condition, after so long and quick a March. . . . My Lord, I never saw better Horses, better Cloaths, finer Belts and

Accoutrements: Yet all these may be had for Money; but there is a Spirit in the looks of your Men, which I never yet saw in my Life. His Grace was extremely well pleas'd with the Compliment, and return'd it thus, ‘Sir, If it be as you say, that Spirit is inspired to them by your Presence.'" (Annals, III, 56.) The inaptness of "Britannia's graceful sons has frequently been pointed out.

128 Th' immortal Schellenberg appears at last: On the 2d of July Marlborough reached the Schellenberg, which "is a height overhanging Donawerth and the left bank of the Danube. It rises in a gradual though unequal ascent, which at the intended point of attack, was about a quarter of a mile wide, on which the enemy were encamped in several lines." (Coxe, I, 351.) Marlborough attacked almost immediately and, after a fight in which the allies had some 1500 men killed and 4000 wounded, dislodged and almost completely destroyed the enemy. For the particulars, see Coxe, I, 350-361.

132-133 Rows of hollow brass, Tube behind tube: This is the typical classical treatment of such things as guns or cannon. Cf. Pope's "unwearied fowler" (Windsor Forest, 125 ff.) who "lifts the tube, and levels with his eye."

143 Throng'd war: compact battle line.

144 Battel: the main body of an army, as distinguished from the van or the rear.

168 Where-e'er his friends retire, or foes succeed: Pope and Swift, in their Пepl Bálovs; or, The Art of Sinking in Poetry, 1727 (chap. xii, § 6), thus criticise this line and several others of The Campaign: "The MACROLOGY and PLEONASM are as generally coupled, as a lean rabbit with a fat one; nor is it a wonder, the superfluity of words, and vacuity of sense, being just the same thing. I am pleased to see one of our greatest adversaries employ this figure.

"The growth of meadows, and the pride of fields,

The food of armies and support of wars,

Refuse of swords, and gleanings of a fight,

Lessen his numbers and contract his host,

Where'er his friends retire, or foes succeed,

Cover'd with tempests, and in oceans drown'd."

These are lines 199, 202, 192, 268, 168, and 190 of The Campaign. In the final section of chap. xv of the Пepl Bálovs, Pope and Swift seem to be satirizing The Campaign as a whole in giving these directions to the poet who would describe a battle: "For a Battle. Pick a large quantity of images and descriptions from Homer's Iliad, with a

spice or two of Virgil, and if there remain any overplus, you may lay them by for a skirmish. Season it well with similes, and it will make an excellent battle."

192 Refuse of swords, and gleanings of a fight: This suggests the Anglo-Saxon wapna láf. Addison, however, was probably following

Virgil's reliquias Danaum (Æn., i, 30).

197 ff. To Donawert, etc.: "The Elector of Bavaria was no sooner inform'd of the Defeat of his Troops at Schellenberg, than he quitted his advantageous Camp between Dillengen and Lawingen, and came to the other side of the Danube, over against Donawert in his march to the River Lech, to prevent the Confederates cutting off his Retreat to his own Country. The same Night he sent Orders to his Garrison at Donawert to set fire to the Town, to burn their Bridges and Magazines, and then to retire, for which end they had put Straw in every House; but the Confederates being advanced into the Suburbs, and laying their Bridge to pass into the Town, the Garrison durst not stay, for fear of having their Retreat cut off, and preferr'd their own Safety before the execution of their Orders: whereby the Townsmen saved their Houses. The Enemy burnt only their Bridges, and some Magazines, and retired in great hast early the next day [July 4]; and at the same time the Confederates enter'd the Town without any opposition, and found in it 2000 Sacks of Meal, and great store of Oats, and all sorts of Provision and Ammunition, which the Enemy had not time to destroy." (Annals, III, 61.)

243 Gallia's proud standards, to Bavaria's join'd: On August 4 the Elector of Bavaria was joined by Tallard.

287-292 The storm: On the great storm of November, 1703, see Defoe, The Layman's Sermon upon the Late Storm, London, 1704; also The Storm: or, a Collection of the Most Remarkable Casualties and Disasters, which happened in the late Dreadful Tempest, both by Sea and Land, London, 1704. Evelyn notes (26-27 November, 1703): "The effects of the hurricane and tempest of wind, rain and lightning thro' all the nation, especially London, were very dismal. Many houses demolish'd and people kill'd. As to my own losses, the subversion of woods and timber, both ornamental and valuable through my whole estate, and about my house the woods crowning the garden mount, and growing along the park meadow, the damage to my own dwelling, farms and outhouses, is almost tragical, not to be parallel'd with any thing happening in our age. I am not able to describe it, but submit to the pleasure of Almighty God."

298 Laughs at the shaking of the British spear: cf. Job xli. 29.