his journey was fo fcanty, that he was obliged to beg on the road. He arrived at Amberg in 1566, and was fent foon after with ten of his fchool-fellows to Heidelberg, where Zachary Urfin was profeffor of divinity, and rector of the college of Wisdom. The university was at that time in a most flourishing condition, with regard to every one of the faculties; fo that Paré had here all the advantages that could be defired, for making the molt confiderable proficiency, both in the learned languages, and in philofophy and divinity. He was received a minifter in 1571, and in May that year fent to exercise his function in a village called Schlettenbach. This was a difficult cure, on account of the contefts then_fubfifting between the Proteftants and Papifts. The elector Palatine his patron, had afferted his claim by main force against the bishop of Spire, who maintained, that the right of nomination to the livings in the corporation of Alfefted was vefted in his chapter. The elector allowed it, but with this referve, that fince he had the right of patronage, the nominators were obliged, by the peace of Pallaw, to prefent paftors to him whofe religion he approved. By virtue of this right, he established the reformed religion in that corporation, and fent Paré into the province of Schlettenbach. The Papifts fhut the doors against him; but they were broken open, and the images and altars pulled down: yet after all he could get nobody to clear away the rubbish.

He was, however, on the point of being married there before winter, when he was called back to teach the third class at Heidelberg. He acquitted himself fo well in that charge, that in two years time he was promoted to the fecond clafs; but he did not hold this above fix months, being made firft paftor of Hemsbach, in the diocese of Worms. Here he met with a much more tractable congregation than that of Schlettenbach; for, when the elector Palatine, as patron of the parish, refolved to reform it, and caufed the church doors to be broke open, Paré took care to have all the images taken down, and had them burnt with the people's confent. Thus happily fituated, he foon refolved to be a lodger in a public-house no longer; and in order to obtain a more agreeable home, he engaged in the matrimonial ftate four months after his arrival, with the fifter of John Stibelius, minister of Heppenheim; and the nuptials were folemnized Jan. the 5th, 1574, publicly, in the church of Hemfbach, an object which had never been beheld before in that parish. The people, however, were eafily reconciled to the new practice, when they came to know what St. Paul teaches concerning the marriage of a bishop [G]. Yet fuch was the unhappy ftate of this country, rent by the continual contests

[G] 1 Tim. iii. 2, and Ţitus i. 17.

about

about religion, that no fooner was Popery, the common enemy rooted out, than new disturbances arofe, through the contests and animofities between the Lutherans and Calvinifts, who fhould have been friends. After the death of the elector Frederic III. his, fon Louis, who was a very zealous Lutheran, established every where in his dominions those ministers, in the room of the Sacramentarians. By these means Paré loft his living at Hemfbach in 1577; on which occafion he retired into the territories of prince John of Cafimir, the elector's brother. Here he was minifter at Ogerfheim, near Frankentalc, three years, and then removed to Witrengen near Neustad; at which laft place prince Cafimir, in 1578, had founded a fchool, and fettled there all the profeffors that had been driven from Heidelberg. This rendered Witzingen much more agreeable, as well as advantageous; and, upon the death of the elector Louis, in 1583, the guardianship of his fon, together with the administration of the palatinate, devolved upon prince Cafimir; who reftored the Calvinist minifters, and Paré obtained the fecond chair in the college of Wisdom at Heidelberg, in Sept. 1584. He commenced author two years afterwards, by printing his "Method of the Ubiquitarian controverfy; the title is, "Methodus Ubiquitaria controverfiæ." He also printed the "German Bible," with notes, at Neustad, in 1589, which occafioned a warm controversy between him and James Andreas, a Lutheran of Tubingen.

In 1591, he was made firft profeffor in his college, and counfellor to the ecclefiaftical fenate the following year, and the year after that admitted doctor of divinity in the most folemn manner. He had already held feveral difputes against the writers of the Augfburg Confeffion, but that of 1596 was the most confiderable. Among other things, he produced a defence of Calvin, against the imputation of his favouring Judaism, in his Comimentaries upon feveral parts of Scripture. Afterwards he was promoted to the chair of divinity profeffor for the Old Teftament in his univerfity; by which he was eafed of the great fatigue he had undergone for fourteen years, in governing the youth who were educated at the college of Wisdom. Toffanus, profeffor of divinity for the New Teftament, dying in 1602, Paré fucceeded to that chair, and a few years after he bought a house in the suburbs of Heidelberg. Here, in 1607, he built in the garden an apartment for his library, which he called his "Pareanum:" he took great delight in it, and the whole houfe went afterwards by that name. The elector honoured it with feveral privileges and immunities; and Paré had. two infcriptions, one in German, and the other in Latin, put upon the frontispiece. At the fame time his reputation, spread

ing itself every where, brought young ftudents to him from the remoteft parts of Hungary and Poland.

In 1617, there was kept an evangelical jubilee, in memory of the church's deliverance from Popery an hundred years before; for then it was, that Luther began to preach. The folemnity lafted three days, during which there were continual orations, difputations, poems, and fermons, on the occasion. Paré alfo published fome pieces upon the fubject, which drew upon him the refentment of the Jefuits of Mentz: they wrote a fharp cenfure of his work, and he published a suitable answer to it. The following year, 1618, at the inftance of the StatesGeneral, he was preffed to go to the fynod of Dort; but excufed himself, on account of age and infirmities. After this time he enjoyed but little tranquillity. The apprehenfions he had of the ruin which his patron the elector Palatine would bring upon himself, by accepting the crown of Bohemia, put him upon changing his habitation. He terrified himself with a thousand bad omens, grounded upon things he had seen, either awake or in fleep; for he had great faith in dreams. When he faw the workmen employed in improving the fortifications of Heidelberg, he faid it was fo much labour loft; and confidering the books he had written against the Pope and Bellarmin, he looked upon it as the most dreadful calamity that could happen to him, to fall into the hands of the monks: for which reafon he gladly complied with thofe, who advifed him to provide in time for his own fafety; and accordingly chofe for his fanctuary the town of Anweil, in the dutchy of Deux-Ponts, near Landau; where he arrived, in Oct. 1621. He left that place, however, fome months after, and went to Neuftadt; nor did he stay long here, for he determined to return to Heidelberg, in order to pafs his last moments at his beloved Pareanum, and fo to be buried near the profefors of the univerfity. His wifh was accordingly fulfilled; for he died at Pareanum in June, 1622, and was interred with all the funeral honours which the universities in Germany are used to bestow on their members.

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He left a fon named Philip, who wrote the life of his father. Though Paré was extremely watchful againft innovations, yet he was not one of thofe untractable divines, who will not yield the leaft mite for the fake of peace [H]. The " Irenicum" he published proves the contrary; yet it cannot be faid, that he had any great ftock of toleration, fince he was very hostile to all innovation, even to the new ways of fpeaking and teaching; and could not bear Peter Ramus, because he had dared to re

[H] He used to fay with Luther of fuch turbulent reformers, "A doctore gloriofo, et paftore contentiofo, et inutilibus quæftionibus, liberet ecclefiam fuam Dominus !”

move

3

move the boundaries of our ancestors. This author's exegetical works were published by his fon at Francfort, in 1647, in 3 vols. folio. Among these are his "Commentary upon St. Paul's epiftle to the Romans," in 1617, which gave fuch offence to James I. of England, as containing fome anti-monarchical principles, that he caufed it to be burnt by the common hangman; and the university of Oxford condemned it in the moft difgraceful manner [1].

PARE (PHILIP), fon of the preceding, one of the most laborious grammarians that Germany ever produced, was born at Hembach, May 24, 1576. He began his ftudies at Neuftadt, continued them at Heidelberg, and afterwards visited foreign univerfities, at the expence of the elector Palatine. He was at the university of Bafil, in 1599; and thence going to Geneva, ftayed there a year: he vifited fome other univer fities, being well received in all, on account of his own merit, though yet more from that of his father. Among others, he received great civilities from Ifaac Cafaubon at Paris. In 1612, he was made rector of the college of Neuftadt, which poft he held till the place was taken by the Spaniards in 1622; when he was ordered by thofe new masters to leave the country immediately, at which time his library was also plundered by the foldiers. He published several books on grammatical fub jects, and was remarkably fond of Plautus. This drew him into a difpute with John Gruter, profeffor at Heidelberg, in 1620, which was carried to fuch a height of animofity, that neither the defolation which ruined both their universities and their libraries, and reduced their perfons to the greatest extremities, nor even their banishment, proved fufficient to quench the flame of their paffion, or to refrain them from the fouleft and most abusive language. Philip undertook the cause of his late father against David Owen, whom he anfwered in a piece entitled, "Anti-Owenus," &c. He was principal of feveral colleges, as he was of that at Hanau in 1645; and the dedication of his father's exegetical works fhews him to be living in 1647, but how long he lived afterwards does not appear. Befides the pieces already mentioned, he wrote fome commentaries upon the "Holy Scriptures," and other theological works. He published, " Plautus," in 1609, with notes: alfo a "Lexicon Plautinum," in 1614; "Analecta Plautina," in 1617; a treatise "De imitatione Terentianâ, ubi Plautum imitatus eft," 1617; a fecond edition of "Plautus," in

[1] It was refuted by David Owen, a Welchman, who was D. D. and chaplain to John Ramfay viscount Haddington, and earl of Holderness, in a piece entitled, "Anti-Paræus, five determinatio de jure regio habita Cantabrigiæ in fcholis theologicis, 19 April, 1619, contra Davidem

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Paræum, cæterofque reformatæ religionis antimonarchos, Cantab. 1632," 8vo. He had before published "The Concord of a Papift and Puritan, for the coercion, depolition, and killing of kings. Camb. 1610," 4to.

1619,

1619, and of the "Analecta Plautina," in 1620, and again in 1623. He also published a third edition of his "Plautus," in 1641. The Prolegomena" which it contains of that poet's life, the character of his versification, and the nature of his railleries, have been prefixed entire to the "Plautus in ufum Delphini." He published his answer to Gruter in 1620, with this title, "Provocatio ad fenatum criticum pro Plauto et electis Plauti nis. The combatants both grew more and more hot, as appears by the long preface prefixed by this author to his "Analecta Plautina," in 1623, for which Gruter made reprifals, ftiling him "an afs, a mule, a boar, a ram, a goat, a ftinking inhabitant of the grammatical den," &c. Befides the pieces upon Plautus, Pare published "Calligraphia Romana, five Thefaurus phrafium linguæ Latinæ," in 1616, and " Electa Symmachiana, Lexicon Symmachianum, Calligraphia Symmachiana," in 1619.

PARE' (DANIEL), fon of the preceding, trod in the steps of his father, applied, himfelf vigorously to the study of the claffics, and publifhed feveral laborious pieces; for which he was obliged to Voffius, who had a great refpect for him, and made it his bufinefs to procure book fellers who would print his works. He was unfortunately killed, by a gang of highwaymen, in the life-time of his father. He was a confiderable master of Greek. His publications are, 1. "The Poem of Mufæus upon the loves of Hero and Leander, with Notes,' in 1627. 2. Mellificium Atticum," a thick 4to, being a collection of fentences extracted from Greek authors. 3"Medulla Hiftoriæ Ecclefiafticæ," in 1631; to which he added, "Notes, and a Lexicon upon Lucretius." 4. "Spicilegium fubfecivum, or Notes upon Quintilian, published in an edition of that author at London, in 1641, 8vo.

PARENT (ANTOINE), a French mathematician, was born at Paris in 1666. He fhewed early a'propenfity to mathematics. His method of study was to write remarks upon the margins of the books which he read; and he had filled fome of these with a kind of commentary at the age of thirteen. At fourteen he was put under a master, who taught rhetoric at Chartres. Here he happened to see a Dodecoedron, upon every face of which was delineated a fun-dial, except the loweft, whereon it ftood. Struck immediately with the curiofity of thefe dials, he fet about drawing one himfelf: but, having a book which only fhewed the practical part without the theory, it was not till fome time after, when his rhetoric-master came to explain the doctrine of the fphere to him, that he began to understand how the projection of the circles of the fphere formed fundials. He thence undertook to write a "Treatife upon Gnomonies," and the piece was rude and unpolifhed enough; but