CHAPTER XVIII MALCOLM IV., 1153-1165; AND WILLIAM THE LION, 1165-1214 Early Revolts-Election of Waltheof to see of St. Andrews-His Refusal-Later Monasteries-Malcolm solicits metropolitan powers for St. Andrews-Bishop of Moray becomes the first Scottish legate—Arnold and Richard bishops of St. Andrews— Capture of king William-Treaty of Falaise-Claims of York and Canterbury over the Scottish Church-Her independence recognised-Third Lateran Council-Arbroath Abbey founded by king William-His dispute in the election to St. Andrews -Papal interdict of Scotland-Provincial councils-More religious houses- Bishops of Glasgow and other Scottish bishops-Origin of free burghs. DAVID was followed on the throne by his grandson Malcolm IV. (1153-1165), surnamed “the Maiden.” He was only in his twelfth year when crowned at Scone in the spring of 1153, the first instance of a boy king in Scotland. It is an evidence of the hold which the hereditary principle had taken among the Scots that Malcolm was accepted as king in his minority without opposition. His brief reign made no deep mark on the history of the country. He had the religious zeal of his family, and added to the monastic foundations of the Church. Politically he was not successful in his dealings with his cousin Henry II. of England. Henry, when knighted by king David, had sworn to yield the territory between the Tweed and the Tyne to the Scots. At a meeting of the 1 Robertson's Scotland under Early Kings, i. 352, 353. 1 sovereigns at Chester in 1157, Malcolm was induced to resign his claims to that district and also to give up the city of Carlisle, which David held at the time of his death, getting in exchange the earldom of Huntingdon. He accompanied Henry on his continental wars, and received from him the honour of knighthood. At home the young king was successful in quelling two successive revolts-in Galloway and Argyll. Fergus, lord of Galloway, who exercised a semi-independent rule and was the founder of several monasteries in his lordship, pushed his independence so far that Malcolm took action and humbled him, compelling him to end his days as a canon in Holyrood. Somerled, lord of the Isles, raised a revolt in the west and led a small army as far as Renfrew, where he was defeated and slain by Malcolm in 1164. It is probable that both rebellions were prompted by the idea of the king's boyish incapacity; the results proved that the military instincts of the race of Canmore were not extinct. In 1159 Robert, bishop of St. Andrews, died after an episcopate of thirty-five years, and the choice of the canons fell on Waltheof, abbot of Melrose. Waltheof was the younger son of Simon, earl of Northampton, and of Matilda, who in her widowhood became the wife of king David. After the second marriage of his mother Waltheof resided in the Scottish court and was much in the company of his step-father. His mind was early bent on a "religious" life, and he became a canon-regular at St. Oswald's, near Pontefract, and was afterwards made prior of Kirkham. It is said that he would have been Thurstan's successor in the see of York but for the opposition of king Stephen, who dreaded the growing influence of the northern court. Waltheof himself had no such ambition, and as a proof of his devotion to the XVIII ST. WALTHEOF, ABBOT OF MELROSE 325 monastic life he entered the severer Cistercian order, first at Wardon and then at Rievaux. In 1148 he was chosen abbot of Melrose and held the office till his death in August 1159. In that year he was elected to St. Andrews and declined the bishopric. "I have put off my coat," he said, "how shall I put it on? I have washed my feet, how shall I soil them again with the dust of worldly cares?" Ailred of Rievaux was present at Melrose when the clergy and nobles came to solicit Waltheof's acceptance of St. Andrews, and as Ailred had himself declined an offer of the episcopate, his example may have contributed to Waltheof's resolution, although his advice was the other way. Declining health, as is suggested by his death shortly afterwards, probably influenced Waltheof's decision. He pointed to a spot near the chapter-house which he had marked for his grave, and added, "That is my resting-place, and here will I dwell as long as the Lord permits." Jocelyn of Furness, the biographer of St. Patrick and St. Kentigern, wrote his life, and after the manner of monkish biographers invests it with a halo of miracles. Melrose became as famous from the relics of St. Waltheof as Durham was from St. Cuthbert's, or Canterbury from St. Alphege's. Under Waltheof's advice David had founded the abbey of Kinloss, and his son Henry that of Holmcultram. At his instance also Malcolm IV. founded the abbey of Coupar-Angus, and his mother, Ada, a convent at Haddington for nuns. All these foundations were Cistercian, and afford proof of Waltheof's devotion to the order he had made his own. His abundant charity has been mentioned, and, leaving the miracles out of the question, there can be no doubt of the devoted and saintly character of his life. ! Other religious foundations of Malcolm's reign were a Cistercian nunnery at Manuel near Linlithgow, and a hospital at Soltra, on the borders of Lothian and Lauderdale, "for pilgrims, travellers, and poor folk." The hospital had the privilege of girth or sanctuary, the limits of it being marked by a chain and cross, still commemorated in Chain-cross Hill. At Eccles and at Coldstream Cistercian convents were founded by Cospatrick, earl of March, and at St. Bathans, a cell of Berwick, by Ada, countess of Dunbar. The convent at North Berwick is probably of the same period, and the earls of Fife were its patrons and chief benefactors. The Cistercian abbey of Sandale or Saddell in Cantyre was founded by Reginald, son of Somerled, lord of the Isles; and the Benedictine nunnery of Lincluden was founded by Uchtred or Urquhart, son of Fergus, lord of Galloway, the other disturber of Malcolm's reign. The convent, beautifully situated at the junction of the Nith and the Cluden, within a mile of Dumfries, sheltered the wife and son of Henry VI. of England during the Wars of the Roses. It was converted into a collegiate church by the earl of Douglas, and was provided with a provost, twelve canons, and twenty-four bedesmen.1 The principal monastic foundation of this reign was Paisley for Cluniac monks, the first of that order in Scotland. The founder was Walter Fitz-Alan, high steward of Scotland and ancestor of the Stuart line of kings. Their property was in Strath Gryfe in the neighbourhood of Paisley. The first monks came from Wenlock in Shropshire about the year 1163. 1 Maxwell, a Dumfries man, shortly after the Reformation took with him on a Christmas Day a company described as "lewd and dissolute persons," and went in pro The cession from Dumfries to the college church of Lincluden and caused a mass to be said. Spottiswoode's History, ii. p. 337. XVIII PAISLEY PRIORY AND ABBEY 327 priory church was dedicated in the names of St. James and St. Mirren, the latter being the local saint of Paisley, whose name recalls the Celtic age of the Church and the Irish evangelist who sowed the first seed of the Gospel by the Cart and the Gryfe. It was the custom of the Cluniacs (reformed Benedictines) to restrict the title of abbey to the parent house; but in 1245 Paisley Priory became an abbey with the usual rights and privileges. It was the head of the Cluniac order in Scotland, which had other three houses, and ranked among the five most opulent of the Scottish abbeys. The other four which exceeded it in wealth were St. Andrews Priory, Arbroath, Dunfermline, and Kelso Abbeys; and they were all royal foundations.1 On the 23rd January 1226 the monastery of Paisley with all its possessions was taken under the special protection of the apostolic see. Twenty churches are named in the papal bull as then affiliated by grants to the priory, besides much property of various kinds, and rights on both sides of the Clyde such as lands, fishings, mills, money, chalders of wheat, woods, pastures, tithes, and a salt-mine-all enumerated in the bull.2 Thereafter, depredators and intruders had to settle not only with the prior of Paisley but with the pope of Rome. Similar protection had already been granted to the bishops of St. Andrews (19th December 1218) for the properties of that see, located in nearly thirty different districts, chiefly within, but some of them outside, the diocese.3 In 1159, during the vacancy of St. Andrews, Malcolm made a renewed effort to obtain from the pope metropolitan powers for that see. 1 Chalmers, Caledonia, iii. 822. 2 Theiner's Monumenta, p. 23. 3 Ibid., p. 8. Munemusch (Monymusk), Culsamuel (Culsamond), Eight years before, the Irish and Ellon-all in Aberdeenshire -with their church lands and appertinents, belonged to the see of St. Andrews. |