shown in a letter that Dr. Franklin furnished the American Remembrancer, an authority which nobody will dispute.

"The British government had sent its agents to all the Indian tribes to enlist the savages against the colonists. The Americans sent Benjamin Franklin to Paris to secure, if possible, the aid of France in favor of his countrymen. Dr. Franklin wrote an article for the American Remembrancer, which, in that day, exerted a very powerful influence in both Europe and America. It purported to be a letter from a British officer to the governor of Canada, accompanying a present of eight packages of scalps of the colonists, which he had received from the chief of the Senecas. As a very important part of the history of the times, the letter should be recorded. It was as follows:

MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY:

At the request of the Seneca chief, I hereby send to your Excellency, under the care of James Hoyt, eight packages of scalps, cured, dried, hooped and painted with all the triumphal marks, of which the following is the invoice and explanation:

No. 1-Containing forty-three scalps of Congress soldiers, killed in different skirmishes. These are stretched on black hoops, four inches in diameter. The inside of the skin is painted red, with a small black spot, to denote their being killed with bullets; the hoops painted red; the skin painted brown and marked with a hoe; a black circle all round, to denote their being surprised in the night; and a black hatchet in the middle, signifying their being killed with that weapon.

No. 2-Containing the scalps of ninety-eight farmers, killed in their houses; hoops red, figure of a hoe, to mark their profession; great white circle and sun, to show they were surprised in day time; a little red foot, to show they stood upon their defense, and died fighting for their lives and families.

No. 3-Containing ninety-seven, of farmers; hoops green, to show that they were killed in the fields; a large, white circle, with a little round mark on it, for a sun, to show it was in the day time; a black bullet mark on some, a hatchet mark on others.

No. 4-Containing one hundred and two, farmers; mixture of several of the marks above; only eighteen marked with a little yellow flame, to denote their being prisoners burnt alive, after being scalped; their nails pulled out by the roots, and other torments; one of these latter being supposed to be an American clergyman, his hand being fixed to the hook of his scalp Most of the farmers appear, by the hair, to have been young or middle aged men, there being but sixty-seven very gray heads among them all, which makes the service more essential.

No. 5-Containing eighty-eight scalps of women; hair long, braided in the Indian fashion, to show they were mothers; hoops, blue; skin, yellow ground, with little red tad-poles, to represent, by way of triumph, the tears of grief occasioned to their relatives; a black scalping knife or hatchet at the bottom, to mark their being killed by those instruments. Seventeen others, being very gray; black hoops; plain brown color; no marks but the short

club or cassetete, to show they were knocked down dead, or had their brains beaten out.

No. 6-Containing one hundred and ninety-three boy's scalps, of various ages; small green hoops, with ground on the skin, with red tears in the middle, and black marks, knife, hatchet or club, as their death happened.

No. 7-Containing two hundred and eleven girls' scalps, big and little; small yellow hoops; white ground tears, hatchet and scalping knife.

No. 8-This package is a mixture of all the varieties above mentioned to the number of one hundred and twenty-two, with a box of birch bark, containing twenty-nine little infants' scalps, of various sizes; small white hoops, white ground, to show that they were nipped out of their mothers' wombs.

With these packs, the chiefs send to your Excellency the following speech, delivered by Conicogatchie, in council, interpreted by the elder Moore, the trader, and taken down by me in writing:

Father-We send you herewith many scalps, that you may see we are not idle friends. We wish you to send these scalps to the Great King, that he may regard them, and be refreshed; and that he may see our faithfulness in destroying his enemies, and be convinced that his presents have not been made to an ungrateful people, etc.-Abb. Hist. of Ohio, p. 189.

"Is the reader at a loss to determine which is the most lovely of the two-the American savage or the British savage-the giver or the receiver of these scalps?"

CHAPTER III

GENERAL RELATED HISTORY

ORDINANCE OF 1787-GRAND WATERWAYS TO BE FREE-COUNTY OF HAMILTON-FIRST NORTHWESTERN CONGRESSMAN-PRINCIPAL THEATERS OF 1812 WAR-THE OHIO MICHIGAN CONTROVERSYNORTHERN OHIO BOUNDARY-OHIO EXTENDS HER BOUNDARYMICHIGAN GETS INTO ACTION-OHIO HOLDS HER COURTS-HARRIS LINE, THE STATE BOUNDARY-COX ON THE WOLVERINE WAR.

We know of no subject so fraught with interest as the organization and development of the Northwest Territory Whatever is grand about our country, whatever is noble about our manhood, whatever is progressive about our society, whatever is beneficent in our institutions, are all the fruitage of the united efforts of our ancestors. Whether in peace or in war, on the land or on the sea, the magnificent courage of the Americans have made them invincible against the foes without and the foes within. No nation has ever successfully stood against the American army, whether led by Farragut on the Mississippi, Perry on Lake Erie, Jackson at New Orleans or Dewey in the Manila Bay.

The Northwest Territory was vast in its extent, embracing all the territory northwest of the Ohio river, nearly two thousand and forty square miles, or a hundred and fifty millions of acres. The land had not been fully explored by the white man, and was then but little known.

On July 13, 1787, congress passed the famous ordinance establishing the Northwest Territory and its government. The first settlement was made at Marietta, where the first court in the Northwest Territory was held September 2, 1788. The first court was opened at Marietta with great splendor as became the occasion and a procession was formed, and Colonel Sproat, the high sheriff, marched at the head, with drawn sword, up a path that had been cut through the forest to a cabin where Judge Putnam and Judge Tupper took their seats on a high bench, and after prayer the commissions of the judges, clerk and sheriff were read and the opening of the court proclaimed by the high sheriff, in these words: "Oh, yes, the court is now opened for the administration of evenhanded justice to the poor and to the rich alike."

The ordinance for the government of the Northwest Territory was an admirable document, wonderful it might be called for the clearness of its enunciation of principles of government. It was the work of wise, thoughtful men who were framing as they thought an instrument on which depended not only their own hapiness and fortune, but that of posterity even to remote generations. It provided for the protection of personal property and freedom of conscience to every man. It proclaimed religious freedom and provided that no one should be molested on account of his religious sentiments or mode of worship.

When we consider the vastness of the Northwest Territory, it seems almost incredible that it should have been so thoroughly settled and improved within a little over a century.

Ohio was the first state formed out of the Northwest Territory and later other states were formed and new stars thus added to the American constellation.

In framing the laws to govern this Northwest Territory, the fact should be recognized of the declaration that the waters of the Mississippi and of the St. Lawrence should ever remain free to the people of the Northwest Territory and to the states created from the same. It was that declaration which thundered every gun from the Mississippi to the sea in the great war of the rebellion. It was that idea that was seen in the blazing campfires of the various regiments of men who hewed their way from the Ohio to the gulf. Not all of these soldiers returned. Some of them sleep in the church-yard at Shiloh; some of them in the wilderness; some of them rode to their death with Sheridan in the valley; some of them were strewn along the path of Sherman's great march from Atlanta to the sea, and some of them perished in rebel prisons, looking only to the stars for hope.

Westward the star of empire took its way, commencing back in the days of Abraham, the first record of which reads: "By faith, Abraham, when he was called to go out into a place which he was to receive as an inheritance, he went, not knowing whither he went."

From that unknown country, named Ur of the Chaldees, Teran, the father of Abraham had already journeyed westward, bringing his household to Haran; here they tarried for a little, and here it was that Abraham heard the divine call and went forth to the land of Canaan. But the tide of immigration did not stop here. It traversed Europe, halting for a time upon the shores of the Atlantic. In the fullness of time the word that Abraham had heard was spoken again, and the brave Columbus turned the prows of his ship toward the setting sun and sailed away, not knowing whither he went, but greatly hoping that he might find beyond the sea a land that he should receive as an inheritance.

On the 2nd of January, 1790, Governor St. Clair arrived at Cincinnati and organized the county of Hamilton. General Anthony Wayne was appointed by President Washington to the command of the army of the Northwest, and with a force of two thousand, six hundred men he started on his march from Fort Washington to the Indian country. Victory perched on his banner at the battle of Fallen Timbers, on the Maumee, and his name became a terror to the Indians as "Mad Anthony." The Indians sued for peace, and the treaty at Greenville, in 1795, followed, giving peace to the territory, and with peace prevailing, new impulse was given to trade and agriculture. Forests were rapidly felled,

towns sprang up and the hopes of the early settlers were fastly blossoming into fruit.

In 1798 the territory contained fifteen thousand white male. inhabitants and was therefore entitled to enter on the second grade of the territorial government, and the people were called upon to elect representatives to the first general assembly. The members elected met at Cincinnati to nominate ten persons to be returned to the president, out of whom five were to be selected, with the consent of the senate, to be commissioned as a legislative council.

A legislature having been elected, convened at Cincinnati, September 16, 1799, and on the third day of October in joint ses