States government the project for the an- 4 miles from Ticonderoga. The whole nexation of the Sandwich Islands. See HAWAII. Thwaites, REUBEN GOLD, historian; born in Dorchester, Mass., May 15, 1853; was educated at Yale College; served as editor of the Wisconsin State Journal in 1876-86; then became secretary and superintendent of the Wisconsin State Historical Society. He is the author of Historic Waterways; The Story of Wisconsin; The Colonies in 1492–1750; Afloat on the Ohio, etc. He was also editor of the Wisconsin Historical Collections (volumes ix.-xv.); Chronicles of Border Warfare; The Jesuit Relations (73 volumes); Ori ginal Journals of Lewis and Clark (1903); etc. Tibbles, THOMAS HENRY, politician; born in Washington county, O., in 1840; joined in the movement to settle Kansas and make it a free State; became an itinerant Methodist preacher, then a Presbyterian minister, and subsequently a journalist and editor of the Independent of Lincoln, Neb. He early affiliated with the Populist party and was its candidate for vice-president in 1904. Ticknor, GEORGE, author; born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 1, 1791; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1807; admitted to the bar in 1813; professor of modern languages and literature at Harvard College in 1819-35. His publications include History of Spanish Literature; the Life of General Lafayette; Report of the Board of Visitors on the United States Military Academy at West Point for 1826; Life of W. H. Prescott; etc. He died in Boston, Mass., Jan. 26, 1871. Ticonderoga, OPERATIONS At. In the summer of 1758 the Marquis de Montcalm occupied the fortress of Ticonderoga, on Lake Champlain, with about 4,000 men, French and Indians. General Abercrombie personally commanded the expedition designed to capture this fortress, and at the beginning of July he had assembled at the head of Lake George about 7,000 regulars, nearly 9,000 provincials, and a heavy train of artillery. The army moved (July 5) down the lake in 900 bateaux and 125 whale-boats, and spent the night at a place yet known (as then named) as Sabbath-day Point. At dawn they landed at the foot of the lake, about country was covered with a dense forest, and tangled morasses lay in the way of the English. Led by incompetent guides, they were soon bewildered; and while in that condition the right column, led by Lord Howe, was suddenly attacked by a small French force. A sharp skirmish ensued. The French were repulsed with a loss of 148 men made prisoners. At the, first fire Lord Howe was killed, when the greater part of the troops fell back in confusion to the landing-place. From the prisoners Abercrombie learned that a reinforcement for Montcalm was approaching. He was also told of the strength of the garrison and the condition of the fortress; but the information, false and deceptive, induced him to press forward to make an immediate attack on the fort without his artillery. This was a fatal mistake. The outer works were easily taken, but the others were guarded by abatis and thoroughly manned. Abercrombie ordered his troops to scale the works in the face of the enemy's fire (July 8), when they were met by insuperable obstacles. After a bloody conflict of four hours, the assailants were compelled to fall back to Lake George, leaving about 2,000 men dead or wounded in the forest. Abercrombie then hastened to his camp at the head of the lake. The loss of the French was inconsiderable. Pitt conceived a magnificent plan for the campaign of 1759, the principal feature of which was the conquest of all Canada, and so ending the puissance of France in America. Abercrombie, who had been unsuccessful, was superseded by Gen. Sir Jeffrey Amherst in the command of the British forces in America in the spring of 1759. The new commander found 20,000 provincial troops at his disposal. A competent land and naval force was sent from England to co-operate with the Americans. The plan of operations against Canada was similar to that of Phipps and Winthrop in 1690. A powerful land and naval force, under Gen. James Wolfe, were to ascend the St. Lawrence and attack Quebec. Another force, under Amherst, was to drive the French from Lake Champlain, seize Montreal, and join Wolfe at Quebec; and a third expedition, under General Prideaux, was to capture Fort Niagara, and then hasten down Lake On- was talked of in the Connecticut legislattario and the St. Lawrence to Montreal. ure after the affair at Lexington, and Amherst appeared before Ticonderoga (July 22, 1759) with about 11,000 men. The French commander had just heard, by Indian runners, of the arrival of Wolfe before Quebec (June 27), and immediately prepared to obey a summons to surrender. The garrison left their outer lines on the 23d and retired within the fort, and three days afterwards, without offering any resistance, they abandoned that also, partially demolished it, and fled to Crown Point. That, too, they abandoned, and fled down the lake to the Isle aux Noix, in the Sorel. Amherst pursued them only to Crown Point. several gentlemen formed the bold design of attempting their capture by surprise. With this view, about forty volunteers set out for Bennington to engage the cooperation of Ethan Allen, a native of Connecticut, and the leader of the GREEN MOUNTAIN BOYS (q. v.). He readily seconded their views. They had been joined at Pittsfield, Mass., by Colonels Easton and Brown, with about forty followers. Allen was chosen the leader after the whole party reached Castleton, at twi light, on May 7. Colonel Easton was chosen to be Allen's lieutenant, and Seth Warner, of the Green Mountain Boys, was When, in 1775, it became apparent that made third in command. At Castleton war was inevitable, the importance of the Colonel Arnold joined the partv. He had strong fortresses of Ticonderoga and heard the project spoken of in Connecticut Crown Point, on Lake Champlain, and their just as he was about to start for Campossession, became subjects of earnest con- bridge. He proposed the enterprise to the sultation among patriots. The subject Massachusetts committee of safety, and was commissioned a colonel by the Provincial Congress, and furnished with means and authority to raise not more than 400 men in western Massachusetts and lead them against the forts. On reaching Stockbridge, he was disappointed in learning that another expedition was on the way. He hastened to join it, and claimed the right to the chief command by virtue of his commission. It was emphatically refused. He acquiesced, but with a bad grace. place), and beating the door with the On the evening of the 9th they were on the shore of Lake Champlain, opposite Ticonderoga, and at dawn the next morn ing the officers and eighty men were on the beach a few rods from the fortress, sheltered by a bluff. A lad familiar with the fort was their guide. Following him, they ascended stealthily to the sally-port, where a sentinel snapped his musket and retreated into the fort, closely followed by the invaders, who quickly penetrated to the parade. With a tremendous shout the New-Englanders awakened the sleeping garrison, while Allen ascended the outer staircase of the barracks to the In June, 1777, with about 7,000 men, chamber of the commander (Captain Dela- Lieutenant-General Burgoyne left St. Two lines, 200 bateaux, several gunboats, an armed sloop with 290 prisoners, besides releasing 100 American prisoners. He then proceeded to attempt the capture of Ticonderoga and Mount Independence opposite, but it was found impracticable, and abandoned the enterprise and rejoined Lincoln. Tiebout, CORNELIUS, engraver; born in New York in 1777; was apprenticed to a silversmith; studied art in London in 1795-97; settled in Philadelphia, Pa., where he engraved portraits of Washington, Gen. Horatio Gates, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and Bishop White. Later he removed to Kentucky, where he died in 1830. CHRISTOPHER GUSTAVUS, Johns, on the Sorel, in vessels, and moved distant. He took possession of Mount up Lake Champlain. His army was com- Defiance and Mount Hope, the old French posed of British and German regulars, Canadians and Indians. The Gemans were led by Maj.-Gen. Baron de Riedesel, and Burgoyne's chief lieutenants were MajorGeneral Phillips and Brigadier General Fraser. The invading army (a part of it on land) reached Crown Point, June 26, and menaced Ticonderoga, where General St. Clair was in command. The garrison there, and at Mount Independence opposite, did not number in the aggregate more than 3,500 men, and not more than one in ten had a bayonet; while the invaders numbered between 8,000 and 9,000, including a reinforcement of Indians, Tories, and a splendid train of artillery. There were strong outposts around Ticonderoga, but St. Clair had not men enough to man them. On the 29th Burgoyne issued a grandiloquent proclamation to the people, and on July 1 moved against the fort. He secured important points near it, and finally planted a battery on a hill 700 feet above the fort, since known as Mount Defiance. The battery there made Ticonderoga absolutely untenable, and a council of war determined to evacuate it. On the evening of July 5, invalids, stores, and baggage were sent off in boats to Skenesboro (afterwards Whitehall); and at 2 A.M. on the 6th the troops left the fort silently, and withdrew to Mount Independence across a bridge of boats. Thence they began a flight southwards through the forests of Vermont before daylight. The movement was discovered by the British by the light of a building set on fire on Mount Independence, and pursuit was immediately begun. The Americans lost at Ticonderoga a large amount of military stores and provisions, and nearly 200 pieces of artillery. While Burgoyne was pressing down the valley of the upper Hudson towards Albany, General Lincoln, in command of troops eastward of that river, attempted to recover Ticonderoga and other posts in the rear of the invaders. On Sept. 13, 1777, he detailed Col. John Brown with 500 men for the purpose. Brown landed at the foot of Lake George, and by quick movements surprised all the posts between that point and Fort Ticonderoga, 4 miles Tiedeman, legal writer; born in Charleston, S. C., July 16, 1857; graduated at the College of Charleston in 1876, and at the New York Law School in 1879; was Professor of Law in the University of Missouri for ten years, and in the New York University for six years. He is the author of Limitations of Police Powers; Unwritten Constitution of the United States; Municipal Corporations; State and Federal Control of Persons and Property, etc. Tiffin, EDWARD, legislator; born in Carlisle, England, June 19, 1766; emigrated to the United States and settled in Charlestown, Va., in 1784; studied medicine; became a Methodist preacher; removed to Ohio in 1798; was first gov. ernor of the State in 1803-7; served an unexpired term in the United States Senate in 1807-9; was commissioner of the United States land office in 1812-15; and subsequently surveyor general of the Northwest Territory. The city of Tiffin, O., was named in his honor. He died in Chillicothe, O., Aug. 9, 1829. Tilden, SAMUEL JONES, statesman; born in New Lebanon, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1814; entered Yale College, but his health failed, and he returned home. He finished his studies at the University of New York: studied law with Benjamin F. Butler, and entered upon its practice; became a journalist, and in 1844 established the Daily News in New York City. He soon returned to the bar and practised his profession with great success. In 1874 he |