preme and county courts in 1843-45, and Secretary of State in 1853-55. He was a popular lecturer; edited the Green Mountain Freeman in 1849-56; and was author of The Green Mountain Boys; The History of Montpelier, 1781-1860, etc. He died in Montpelier, Vt., June 6, 1868.

mont, at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, and gave 640 acres of land and $300 to each colonist there. She contributed largely to the purchase of the Vassar College telescope; purchased and presented to Congress Francis B. Carpenter's, painting of the Signing of the Emancipation ProclamaThompson, DAVID, explorer; born in tion by President Lincoln in the Presence. St. John, England, April 30, 1770; entered of his Cabinet, and for this was granted the employ of the Hudson Bay Company the freedom of the floor. She also conin 1789; later engaged in exploring ex- tributed large sums to the American Aspeditions. On April 27, 1798, he discov- sociation for the Advancement of Science, ered Turtle Lake, from which the Mis- and was made its first patron. She died sissippi River takes its southerly course in Littleton, N. H., July 20, 1899. to the Gulf. He explored the southern Thompson, GEORGE, reformer; born in shore of Lake Superior in 1798; crossed Liverpool, England, June 18, 1804; came the Rocky Mountains in 1807, and explored to the United States at the request of the whole length of Columbia River in William Lloyd Garrison to aid the abo1811; was employed by Great Britain in surveying and laying out the boundaryline between the United States and Canada in 1816-26. He was the author of Map of the Northwest Territory of the Province of Canada, made for the Northwest Company in 1813-14. He died in Longueil, Canada, Feb. 16, 1857.

Thompson, EGBERT, naval officer; born in New York City, July 6, 1820; entered the navy in 1837; was attached to the South Sea Exploring Expedition, and was in all the operations of the home squadron in the war with Mexico. In the attacks on Fort Donelson and Island Number Ten he commanded one of the iron-clad gunboats; also in the attack on Confederate rams near Fort Pillow. He commanded the steamer Commodore Macdonough in the South Pacific Squadron in 1866-67; was promoted captain in 1867, and retired in 1874. He died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 5, 1881.

Thompson, ELIZABETH, philanthropist; born in Lyndon, Vt., Feb. 21, 1821; was the daughter of Samuel Rowell, a farmer, and at the age of nine went out to service. Her education was chiefly self-acquired. While on a visit to Boston in 1843 her remarkable beauty so attracted the attention of Thomas Thompson, a millionaire, that they were married within a year. At Mr. Thompson's death the entire income of his immense estate was left to her. She gave large sums of money to the cause of temperance and charity; provided $10,000 for a thorough investigation of yellow fever in the South; founded the town of Long

lition cause; addressed large meetings in the Northern States, and through his ef forts 150, anti-slavery societies were formed. He was threatened by mobs several times, and once, when in Boston, escaped death by fleeing in a small boat to an English vessel, on which he sailed to England. His visit created much excitement and was denounced by President Jackson in a message to Congress. He revisited the United States in 1851, and again during the Civil War, when a public reception was given in his honor at which President Lincoln and his cabinet were present. In 1870 a testimonial fund was raised for him by his admirers in the United States and in England. He died in Leeds, England, Oct. 7, 1878.

Thompson, HENRY ADAMS, clergyman; born in Stormstown, Pa., March 23, 1837; graduated at Jefferson College in 1858, and studied theology at the Western Theo. logical Seminary; was Professor of Mathematics in Otterbein University, O., in 1872-86; candidate for Vice-President on the Prohibition ticket with Neal Dow in 1880.

Thompson, JACOB, lawyer; born in Caswell county, N. C., May 15, 1810; graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1831. Admitted to the bar in 1834, he began the practice of law in Chickasaw county, Miss., in 1835. He was elected to Congress in 1839, and remained in that body until 1851. For several years he was chairman of the committee on Indian affairs, and he defended his adopted State when she repudiated her

bonds. He was vehemently pro-slavery in Vermont in 1845-48; accepted the chair his feelings, and was one of the most of Chemistry and Natural History in the active disunionists in his State many years before the Civil War. He was Secretary of the Interior under President Buchanan, but resigned, Jan. 7, 1861, and entered into the services of the Confederacy. He was governor of Mississippi in 1862-64, and was then appointed Confederate commissioner in Canada. He died in Memphis, Tenn., March 24, 1885. See PEACE COMMISSION.

Thompson, JOHN, author; born in 1777. He was the author of articles published in the Petersburg Gazette, and signed "Casca" and "Gracchus," in which he attacked President Adams's administration, and of letters signed "Curtiss," which were addressed to Chief-Justice John Marshall in 1798, and later published in book form. He died in Petersburg, Va., in 1799.

Thompson, LAUNT, sculptor; born in Abbeyleix, Queen's County, Ireland, Feb. 8, 1833; came to the United States in 1847; studied medicine and later drawing and modelling; and opened a studio in New York in 1858. Among his best-known works are statues of General Sedgwick, Winfield Scott, and Abraham Pierce, and busts of Edwin Booth, Bryant, and General Dix. He was vice-president of the National Academy of Design in 1874. He died in Middletown, N. Y., Sept. 26, 1894.

Thompson, RICHARD WIGGINTON, statesman; born in Culpeper county, Va., June 9, 1809; admitted to the bar in 1834; began practice in Bedford, Ind.: member of Congress in 1841-43 and in 1847-49, and Secretary of the Navy in 1877-81. He resigned in the latter year and became chairman of the American committee of the Panama Canal Company. His publications include History of the Tariff and Recollections of Sixteen Presidents. He died in Terre Haute, Ind., Feb. 9, 1900.

Thompson, SMITH, jurist; born in Stanford, N. Y., Jan. 17, 1768; graduated at Princeton in 1788; Secretary of the Navy, 1818-23; justice of the United States Supreme Court, 1823-43. He died in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Dec. 18, 1843.

Thompson, ZoDoc, geologist; born in Bridgewater, Vt., May 23, 1796; graduated at the University of Vermont in 1823; was appointed State geologist of

University of Vermont in 1851. He was the author of Gazetteer of the State of Vermont; History of the State of Vermont to 1832; History of Vermont, Natural, Civil, and Statistical; Guide to Lake George, Lake Champlain, Montreal, and Quebec; Geography and Geology of Vermont, etc. He died in Burlington, Vt., Jan. 19, 1856.

Thomson, CHARLES, patriot; born in Maghera, Ireland, Nov. 29, 1729; came to America in 1741; educated by the famous Dr. Allison, and became teacher in the Friends' school at Newcastle, Del. Afterwards making his home in Philadelphia, he was favored with the friendship of Dr. Franklin, and, taking an interest in the labors in behalf of the Indians by the Friendly Association, he attended Indian

thorough patriot, and held the respect and Emerson.

His publications include Reconfidence of all his associates. He had sistance to Civil Government; A Week on married, at the age of forty-five, Hannah the Concord and Merrimac Rivers; WalHarrison, aunt of President Harrison. den, or Life in the Woods; The Maine Thomson was an excellent classical scholar, and made a translation of the Old and New Testaments. He had gathered much material for a history of the Revolution, but destroyed it. He died in Lower Merion, Pa., Aug. 16, 1824.

Woods; Cape Cod; Letters to Various Persons; A Yankee in Canada, etc. He died in Concord, Mass., May 6, 1862.

Thorfinn, Scandinavian navigator; born in Norway; sailed from Norway to Greenland with two vessels in 1006. In the Thomson, ELIHU, electrician; born in same year he organized an expedition to Manchester, England, March 29, 1853; sail for Vinland, which consisted of 160 graduated at Central High School in men and women and three vessels. They 1870; appointed Professor of Chemistry were driven by wind and current to what in Central High School in 1870; connect- is probably Newfoundland. They next ed with the Thomson-Houston and Gen- reached Nova Scotia, and in looking for eral Electric companies for the past the grave of THORVALD (q. v.) are suptwenty years. Mr. Thomson has patented posed to have sailed along the coast of many hundreds of inventions bearing New England. After passing Cape Cod upon electric welding, lighting, heating, two scouts were landed, who spent three and power. He was made an officer of the Legion of Honor by the French government in 1889. See ELECTRICITY.

Thoreau, HENRY DAVID, author; born in Concord, Mass., July 12, 1817; graduated at Harvard College in 1837; became

days searching the country to the southwest, and then returned, bringing some ears of wheat and bunches of grapes. They spent the winter at what is either Nantucket or Martha's Vineyard, where they constructed booths, and during the spring cultivated the land and explored the country. Thorfinn then sailed for what is probably Mount Hope Bay and there founded a settlement. Here they first met the Eskimos, who then inhabited the country, and carried on a considcrable trade with them. In the fall of 1009 a son was born to Thorfinn, who was in all probability the first child of European parents born within the present boundary of the United States. In the following winter the natives became hostile, and after combating them for some time Thorfinn returned to Norway, where he arrived in 1011, and was received with great honors. He died in Glomboland, Ireland, after 1016.

Thornton, SIR EDWARD, diplomatist; born in London, England, July 17, 1817; graduated at Cambridge University in 1840; was appointed minister to the United States in December, 1867; member of the joint high commission on the Alabama claims in 1871; member of the arbitration board of the American and Mexican claims commission in 1873; and of the board to arrange the boundaries of a lecturer and writer, and was strongly Ontario in 1878. He was transferred from opposed to slavery; was an intimate Washington to St. Petersburg in May, friend of Bronson Alcot and Ralph Waldo 1881,

HENRY DAVID THOREAU.

Thornton, JAMES SHEPARD, naval he signed the Declaration. He was made officer; born in Merrimac, N. H., Feb. 25, chief-justice of the county of Hillsboro, 1826; entered the navy as midshipman and judge of the Supreme Court of the in 1841; served in the sloop John Adams State. He was in both branches of the during the Mexican War; became a passed legislature, and in the council in 1785. midshipman in 1846; and resigned from He died in Newburyport, Mass., June 24, the navy in 1850. He was reinstated in 1803. 1854; promoted master in 1855; and lieutenant in 1855; served during the Civil War in the brig Bainbridge; was executive officer of the flag-ship Hartford; promoted lieutenant commander in 1862; had charge of the gunboat Winona in the engagements at Mobile; executive officer of the Kearsarge in the fight with the Alabama off Cherbourg, and for his gallantry in this action was given a vote of thanks and advanced thirty numbers in his rank. He served in the navy-yard at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1866–67; promoted commander in 1866; and captain in 1872. He died in Germantown, Pa., May 14, 1875.

Thornton, JOHN WINGATE, historian; born in Saco, Me., Aug. 12, 1818; graduated at the Harvard Law School in 1840; was admitted to the bar and practised in Boston; was one of the originators of the New England Historic-Genealogical Society. His publications include Lives of Isaac Heath and John Bowles, and of Rev. John Eliot, Jr.; The Landing at Cape Anne, or the Charter of the First Permanent Colony on the Territory of the Massachusetts Company, now Discovered and First Published from the Original Manuscript; Ancient Pemaquid and Historic Review; Peter Oliver's Puritan Commonwealth" Reviewed; The Pulpit of the American Revolution, or the Political Sermons of the Period of 1776, with an Introduction, Notes, and Illustrations; Colonial Schemes of Popham and Gorges; The Historical Relation of New England to the English Commonwealth, etc. He died in Saco, Me., June 6, 1878.

Thornton, SETH BARTON, military officer; born near Fredericksburg, Va., in 1814; served in the Seminole War as second lieutenant of United States Dragoons, becoming first lieutenant in 1837 and captain in 1841; had command of a squadron in the Mexican War and exchanged the first shots with the enemy at La Rosia, April 25, 1846, in which engagement he was severely wounded and captured with the greater part of his force. At the close of Scott's campaign, while leading his squadron in advance of Worth's division at the village of San Augustin, he was shot dead.

Thorpe, FRANCIS NEWTON, author; born in Swampscott, Mass., April 16, 1857; studied at Syracuse University and at the University of Pennsylvania Law School; was fellow Professor of American Constitutional History at the University of Pennsylvania in 1885-98. He is the author of The Government of the People of the United States; Franklin and the University of Pennsylvania; The Story of the Constitution; The Government of the State of Pennsylvania; The Constitution of the United States, with Bibliography; A Constitutional History of the American People, 1776-1850; The Constitutional History of the United States in 1765–1895; and A History of the United States for Junior Classes.

Thorpe, THOMAS BANGS, author; born in Westfield, Mass., March 1, 1815; received a collegiate education; settled in Louisiana in 1836 and devoted himself to literature; served in the Mexican War and was promoted colonel for meritorious services. His publications include The Big Bear of Arkansas; Our Army of the Rio Grande; Our Army at Monterey; A Voice to America; Scenes in Arkansaw; Reminiscences of Charles L. Elliott, etc. He died in New York City in October, 1878.

Thornton, MATTHEW, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; born in Ireland in 1714; came to America in early life; was educated at Worcester, and became a physician in New Hampshire. He was in Pepperell's expedition against Louisburg in 1745 as a surgeon; presided over the New Hampshire Provincial Convention in 1775; and was a short time a Thorvald, ERICSSON, navigator; born delegate to the Continental Congress, in Scandinavia in the tenth century. In taking his seat in November, 1776, when 1002 he selected a crew of thirty men and

sailed westward. He is supposed to have the mouth of the Sorel. A British force reached what is now the coast of Rhode took post at Three Rivers. General SulliIsland, and to have wintered near the van sent General Thompson with Pennpresent site of Providence. In the spring of 1003 he sailed southward and westward and anchored near what is supposed to be Cape Alderton. Here were sighted three canoes containing nine savages, eight of whom were slain. The ninth escaped, and on the following night brought back a large number of Eskimos, who appeared

ALLEN G. THURMAN.

to have lived in the tenth century much farther south than in later times. These natives, after discharging a shower of arrows on the Scandinavians, fled. During the attack Thorvald received an arrow wound of which he died. After burying him at Cape Alderton his crew returned to Rhode Island, and in 1005 sailed for Greenland.

Three Rivers, BATTLE OF. When a large British and German force began to arrive in the St. Lawrence (May, 1776) the Americans retreated up the river to

sylvania troops, led by St. Clair, Wayne,
and Irvine, to attack the British there.
Thompson was badly beaten, and he and
Irvine, with 150 private soldiers, were
made prisoners. This disaster discouraged
Sullivan, and he was compelled to aban-
don Canada.
Thurman,

ALLEN GRANBERY, statesman; born in Lynchburg, Va., Nov. 13, 1813; prac tised law in Chillicothe, O., and became eminent at the bar; was a life-long Democrat. In 1845-47 he represented Ohio in the national House of Representatives, and in 1851-55 was a judge of the State Supreme Court. In 1867 he was the candidate for governor in opposition to Rutherford B. Hayes, and the campaign was close and exciting, though Hayes won. During two terms, 1869 to 1881, Thurman was a member of the United States Senate, where he served on the judiciary committee and on the electoral commission of 1877, and was a leader of the party and an authority on constitutional questions. He had been a candidate for the Presidential nomination, and in 1888 he accepted the second place on the ticket with Grover Cleveland. In

the election Cleveland and Thurman were defeated by Harrison and Morton. Senator Thurman died in Columbus, O., Dec. 12, 1895.

Thurston, LORRIN A., diplomatist; born in Hawaii; studied law in Columbia College in 1880-81; practised in Honolulu, where he also published the Daily Bulletin in 1884; elected to the legislature in 1886; prominent in the reform movement of 1887; minister of the interior in 1887-90; member of the House of Nobles in 189298; and was chairman of the commission appointed in 1893 to present to the United