turned his attention to literary work. He ber of Congress in 1863-67; judge of the was the author of Biography of North district court of Philadelphia in 1867-96. American Indians; Memoir of Phillis He is the author of The Duties of CitizenWheatley; Memoir of S. Osgood Wright; Traits of the Boston Tea-party; Traits of Indian Manners, etc.; and Tales of the American Revolution. He died in Boston, Mass., July 14, 1840. Thatcher, HENRY KNOX, naval officer; born in Thomaston, Me., May 26, 1806; grandson of Gen. Henry Knox; entered the navy in 1823; was made captain in 1831, and commodore in July, 1862. In 1862-63 he commanded the Mediterranean Squadron, and was in command of the steam-frigate Colorado, of the North Atlantic Squadron, in both attacks on Fort Fisher. He afterwards commanded the West Gulf Squadron, and assisted General Canby in the reduction of Mobile. On May 10, 1865, Thatcher received the surrender of the Confederate naval forces at Mobile and on the Alabama River. In July, 1866, he was made rear-admiral, and in May, 1868, retired. He died in Boston, Mass., April 5, 1880. Thayer, ELI, educator; born in Mendon, Mass., June 11, 1819; graduated at Brown College in 1845; established the Oread Institute, Worcester, Mass., in 1848; member of the legislature in 1853-54, during which period he organized and founded the Emigrant Aid Company and endeavored to unite the North in favor of his scheme to send into Kansas anti-slavery settlers. His company founded Topeka, Lawrence, Manhattan, and Ossawatomie, of which places Gov. Charles Robinson said: "Without these settlements Kansas would have been a slave State without a struggle; without the Aid Society these towns would never have existed; and that society was born of the brain of Eli Thayer." Mr. Thayer was a member of Congress in 1857-61. He invented an automatic boiler cleaner, an hydraulic elevator, and a sectional safety steam boiler. His publications include a history of the Emigrant Aid Company; several lectures; a volume of his speeches in Congress; and the Kansas Crusade. He died in Worcester, Mass., April 15, 1899. ship; The Great Victory [of the Civil War], its Cost and its Value; The Battle of Germantown; The Philippines: What is Demanded of the United States by the Obligations of Duty and National Honor, etc. Thayer, SIMEON, military officer; born in Mendon, Mass., April 30, 1737; he served with the Rhode Island troops in the French and Indian War, and in 1757 in the Massachusetts line, under Colonel Frye and Rogers the Ranger. He was taken prisoner in 1757 at Fort William Henry. He accompanied Arnold in his famous expedition to Quebec (1775), and was made prisoner; but was exchanged in July, 1777, and was prominent in the defence of Red Bank and Fort Mifflin, where he was major. He was wounded in the battle of Monmouth; served in New Jersey in 1780, and in 1781 retired from the service. He left a Journal of the Invasion of Canada in 1775, which was published in 1867. He died in Cumberland, R. I., Oct. 14, 1800. Thayer, SYLVANUS, military officer; born in Braintree, Mass., June 9, 1785; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1807 and at West Point in 1808, entering the corps of engineers. He was chief engineer of Dearborn's army in 1812, and of Hampton's division in 1813. He was chief engineer in the defence of Norfolk, Va., in 1814. In 1815 he was sent with Colonel McRae to Belgium and France to examine the fortifications there; and from 1817 to 1833 he was superintendent at West Point, and established the academy on its present basis. In 1838 he was made lieutenantcolonel, and from 1833 to 1857 was constructing engineer of the defences of Boston Harbor, and temporary chief of the engineer corps from 1857 to 1859. was commissioned colonel in March, 1863; brevetted brigadier-general in May; and resigned June 1. He died in South Braintree, Mass., Sept. 7, 1872. He Thayer, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE, author; born in Franklin, Mass., Feb. 23, 1820; Thayer, MARTIN RUSSELL, jurist; born graduated at Brown University in 1843; in Petersburg, Va., Jan. 27, 1819; grad- later studied theology; was in charge of uated at the University of Pennsylvania in the Orthodox Congregational Church, 1840; admitted to the bar in 1842: mem- Ashland, Mass., in 1849-57; and subse65 IX.-E quently applied himself to literary work; thanksgiving at the close of autumn. The returned to Franklin in 1858; member of observance of Christmas and other holithe legislature in 1857 and 1863; and days of the Roman Catholic and English secretary of the Massachusetts Temperance churches was denounced, and came to be Alliance in 1860-76. He was author of regarded by the people as idolatrous. Character and Public Service of Abraham Even the eating of mince-pies on ChristLincoln; Marvels of the New West; mas was discontinued. This tyrannous Youth's History of the Rebellion; From Tannery to the White House; From Log Cabin to the White House, etc. He died in Franklin, Mass., April 7, 1898. Thekakisqui, Iroquois chief; born in central New York in 1756; was made a chief in 1776; gave considerable aid to the British in the Revolutionary War; commanded a band of Indians who laid waste parts of the Carolinas with fire and sword. In 1794 he turned over to the United States government a part of the lands of his tribe. Under his leadership his people made progress in the science of agriculture and civilization. He died in 1802. theocracy prevailed in Massachusetts with increasing strength for fully fifty years, until the chain was gradually removed by enlightenment. "It seemed like an attempt to establish a vast Puritan monastery, with freedom only in marrying and money-making. See ARISTOCRACY. Theondechoren, JOSEPH, Indian convert; embraced Christianity in 1641, and became a fervent preacher; took part with the Iroquois in an attack on Quebec, where he was wounded, but escaped to the woods. He was captured by hostile Indians, who were so influenced by his preaching that they nursed him back to health. In 1649, when the Hurons were forced to leave their country, he went to live on St. Joseph's Island, but subsequently, with a number of his countrymen, settled near Quebec. He died near Tadoussac, Canada, June 26, 1652. Theocracy. In 1631 the government of Massachusetts was made a theocracy. In May of that year the General Court decreed that no man should be a "freeman -a citizen and voter-unless he were a member of some colonial church. To become such was to submit to the most Theosophy, a name derived from the rigid tests of his purity of life and his Greek word theosophia, divine wisdom. orthodoxy in religion. The magistrates The object of theosophical study is proand General Court were aided by the fessedly to understand the nature of clergy, and they jointly exercised a su- divine things. It differs, however, from preme control in temporal as well as both philosophy and theology, even when spiritual matters. The clergy were always these have the same object of investi consulted in matters purely temporal. gation. For in seeking to learn the divine They were maintained at the public ex- nature and attributes, philosophy employs pense, for which the people were taxed; the methods and principles of natural reaand by the joint influence of the clergy soning; theology uses these, adding to and magistrates many severe laws were en- them certain principles derived from rev acted, sumptuary and otherwise. Men were elation. Theosophy, on the other hand, whipped, their ears were cropped, or they professes to exclude all reasoning processes were banished, for " slandering the gov- as imperfect, and to derive its knowledge ernment or the churches, or for writing from direct communication with God himletters in disparagement of the authori- self. It does not, therefore, accept the ties in Church and State." The system truths of recorded revelation as immutof manners during the reign of this tyran- able, but as subject to modification by nous theocracy was very austere. Gravity later direct and personal revelations. The was a sign of holiness; all amusements theosophical idea has had followers from were proscribed; gayety seemed to be regarded as sin; religious lectures on weekdays were so frequent that their attendance imposed a heavy burden on the industry of the people, who went from town to town to hear them. There was a rigid fast in spring, answering to Lent, and a the earliest times. Since the Christian era we may class among theosophists such sects as Neoplatonists, the Hesychasts of the Greek Church, the Mystics of medieval times, and, in later times, the disciples of Paracelsus, Thalhauser, Böhme, and others. Recently a sect has Wayne, Ind.; W. P. Phelps, New York; and J. D. Bood, Fort Wayne, Ind. arisen, which has taken the name of mittee, G. E. Harter, Chicago; William theosophists. Its leader was an English Main, New York; Gen. William Ludlow, gentleman who had become fascinated Rhode Island; A. P. Buchman, Fort with the doctrines of Buddhism. Taking a few of his followers to India, they have been prosecuting their studies there, certain individuals attracting considerable attention by a claim to miraculous powers. It need hardly be said that the revelations they have claimed to receive have been, thus far, without noteworthy benefit to the human race. The Universal Brotherhood.-The Universal Brotherhood for the benefit of the people of the earth and all creatures was founded by Katherine A. Tingley, Jan. 13, 1898, in New York City. This organization is the outgrowth and expansion of the Theosophical Society founded by H. P. Blavatsky, W. Q. Judge, and others in New York in 1875, and reorganized under William Q. Judge at its annual convention in Boston, Mass., in 1895. The constitution of the Universal Brotherhood was adopted by the Theosophical Society in America at its annual convention held in Chicago, Feb. 18, 1898, by which act the Theosophical Society in America became the literary department of the Universal Brotherhood. There are over 150 lodges of the Universal Brotherhood in the United States and Canada, also lodges in England, Ireland, Sweden, Holland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Australia, and New Zealand. The central office of the organization is at Point Loma, San Diego, Cal. The officers are: Katherine A. Tingley, leader and official head; Frank M. Pierce, secretary-general; E. Aug. Neresheimer, treasurer. Theosophical Society in America.-The headquarters of the Theosophical Society in America are at Point Loma, San Diego, Cal. President, E. Aug. Neresheimer. American headquarters, 11 East Fifty-ninth Street, New York City. Eclectic Theosophical Society.-An independent international body, with headquarters in New York City. Thomas, ALLEN CLAPP, historian; born in Baltimore, Md., Dec. 26, 1846; graduated at Haverford College in 1865; became Professor of History, and librarian of Haverford College in 1878. He is the author of A History of the United States for Schools and Academies; An Elementary History of the United States; History of the Society of Friends in America, etc. Thomas, CYRUS, ethnologist; born in Kingsport, Tenn., July 27, 1825; was admitted to the bar and practised till 1865; became assistant on the United States geological and geographical surveys of Territories in 1869; accepted the chair of Natural Sciences at the Southern Illinois Normal University in 1873; appointed archæologist to the United States Bureau of Ethnology in 1882. He is the author of The Cherokees and Shawnees in PreColumbian Times; Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology; Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky Mountains; Introduction to American Archæology, etc. Thomas, GEORGE HENRY, military officer; born in Southampton county, Va., July 31, 1816; graduated at West Point in 1840, and entered the artillery. He served in the Seminole War; was with General Taylor in the war with Mexico; and again fought the Seminoles in Florida in 1849–50. From 1851 to 1854 he was instructor of artillery at West Point, and was made major of cavalry in May, 1855. From 1856 to 1860 he served in Texas, and in a fight with the Indians near Brazos River was wounded. He was promoted colonel of the 5th Cavalry (Col. Robert E. Lee's old regiment) in May, 1861; and, having served awhile in the vicinity of the upper Potomac, was made brigadiergeneral of volunteers in August. November, 1861, till March, 1862, he commanded a division of the Army of the Ohio, defeating the Confederates in the battle of MILL SPRING (q. v.) in January. At From John M. Pryse, president, 17 West Ninety-eighth Street, New York City. American Theosophical Association.― Corinth, Miss., he commanded the right President, Dr. J. D. Buck, of Cincinnati; vice-president, secretary, and treasurer, Dr. Stewart, of New York; executive com wing of the Army of the Tennessee, and was second in command of the Army of the Ohio at Perryville in October. For nearly a year from November, 1862, he com- repulsed the assault of Oconosta. Later manded the 14th Corps of the Army of the Cumberland, doing eminent service in the battles of STONE RIVER and CHICKAMAUGUA (qq. v.). In October, 1863, he GEORGE HENRY THOMAS, was placed in command of the Department and Army of the Cumberland, and was promoted brigadier-general, United States army. He was in the battle of MISSIONARY RIDGE (q. v.), and did signal service in the Atlanta campaign, when he took post at Nashville and defended Tennessee against the invasion of Hood. For this service he was made a major general, and received the thanks of Congress, and from the legislature of Tennessee a gold medal. In February, 1868, he was offered the brevet of lieutenant-general by President Johnson, but he declined to receive it. He died in San Francisco, Cal., March 28, 1870. On Nov. 19, 1879, an exquisitely wrought equestrian statue of General Thomas, in design and execution by J. Q. A. Ward, was unveiled at the national capital, with very imposing ceremonies, such as had never been seen there before. Thomas, ISAAC, scout; born in Virginia about 1735; settled among the Cherokee Indians in 1755. He warned Gen. John Sevier and James Robertson at Watauga, Va., on May 30, 1776, of an intended attack by the Indians. About the middle of July he joined the small force of forty in the fort at Watauga, and with them he led the party that invaded the Indian country. He was guide to General Sevier for twenty years in almost all of his numerous movements against the Creeks and Cherokees. He died in Sevierville, Tenn., in 1819. Thomas, ISAIAH, printer; born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 19, 1749; was apprenticed to a printer seven years, and started business for himself in Newburyport, Mass., when he was eighteen years of age. In 1770 he transferred his printing establishment to Boston, and on July 17, 1771, began the publication of the Massachusetts Spy, which became the champion of the colonies contending for right and justice. The government tried to suppress it, but in vain. After the skirmish at Lexington (April 19, 1775) he transferred his establishment to Worcester, where he continued to publish the Spy until 1801, when it was continued by his son from that time until 1819. Enterprising in business, he established a bookstore in Boston in 1788 with Mr. Andrews, and they established branches of their publishing business in various places. They published the Massachusetts Magazine from 1789 to 1796, and the New England Almanac forty-two years-from 1775. For many years the Bibles and school books used in the English colonies, and in the States afterwards, were issued from Thomas's press at Worcester. He printed several editions of the Bible. In 1791 he issued a folio edition, with copper-plates, and another, in quarto, with a concordance; in 1793 an edition in octavo; and in 1797 another in duodecimo. Thomas says Isaac Collins printed, at Trenton, N. J. (where he was State printer), "a handsome and very correct octavo edition of the Bible." Collins also printed a quarto edition. In 1812 Mr. Thomas founded the American Antiquarian Society in Worcester; provided a building for its use on his grounds; gave it nearly 8,000 books and a most valuable series of newspapers; and bequeathed to it the land on which the hall was built. He also made a provision for the maintenance of the library and museum equal to about $24,000. Mr. Thomas wrote and published (1810) a valuable History of Printing. He died in Worcester, Mass., April 4, 1831. Thomas, JANE, heroine; born in Chester county, Pa., in the eighteenth century; wife of Col. John Thomas, of the South Carolina Spartan Regiment. Prior to the Revolutionary War Colonel Thomas, learning that a large party of Tories was on the way to seize the ammunition that Gov. John Rutledge had left in his charge, fled, carrying with him a part of the powder. Two men and two women, one of whom was Mrs. Thomas, remained in charge of the house. When the place was attacked the woman loaded the gun while the men kept up an incessant firing till the enemy withdrew. It was said that the ammunition thus saved was the main supply for the troops of Sumter during the skirmishes around Hanging Rock and Rocky Mount. Thomas, JOHN, military officer; born in Marshfield, Mass., in 1725; was a practising physician, and was surgeon in the provincial army sent to Nova Scotia in 1746. In 1747 he was on Shirley's medical staff, and in 1759 he became colonel of a provincial regiment. He commanded a regiment under Amherst and Haviland in 1760 in the capture of Montreal. Colonel Thomas was one of the most active Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts; was appointed brigadier-general by Congress in 1775; commanded a brigade during the siege of Boston, and after the evacuation was sent to take command of the American troops in Canada. He joined the army before Quebec May 1, 1776, and died in Chambly, June 2, 1776. Thomas, LORENZO, military officer; born in Newcastle, Del., Oct. 26, 1804; graduated at West Point in 1823; served in the Seminole War and in the war with Mexico; and in May, 1861, was made adjutant-general, with the rank of brigadier-general, which office he held throughout the Civil War. In 1863 he was engaged in organizing colored troops in the South. He was brevetted major-general, United States army, in 1865, and retired in 1869. He died in Washington, D. C., March 2, 1875. See JOHNSON, ANDREW. Thomas, PHILIP FRANCIS, statesman; born in Easton, Md., Sept. 12, 1810; admitted to the bar, 1831; member of the State legislature, 1838 and 1843-45; member of Congress. 1839-41; governor of Maryland, 1848-51; United States Secre tary of the Treasury, 1860-61; member of Congress, 1875-77. He died in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 2, 1890. Thomas, THEODORE, musician; born in Esens, Hanover, Germany, Oct. 11, 1835; received his musical education principally from his father, with whom he came to the United States in 1845. He organized the world-famed orchestra in New York, which he conducted till 1888. He was director of the Cincinnati College of Music in 1878-81; conductor of the Cincinnati musical festivals, 1873-98; and of the American Opera Company in 1885-87. He removed to Chicago, Ill., in 1891, to conduct the Chicago orchestra; and was musical director of the World's Columbian Fair. He died in Chicago, Ill., Jan. 4, 1905. Thompson, ALEXANDER RAMSEY, military officer; born in 1790; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1812; served in the War of 1812, taking part in Gen. James Wilkinson's expedition down the St. Lawrence, in the defence of Plattsburg, and in other operations on Lake Champlain; promoted captain of infantry in 1814; became major in 1832, and lieutenant-colonel in 1837; served in the war with the Seminole Indians; and was killed in the battle of Okeechobee, Dec. 25, 1837. Thompson, ALFRED WORDSWORTH, artist; born in Baltimore, Md., May 26, 1840; studied art in Paris, France; settled in New York in 1863; became an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1873, and a member of the Society of American Artists in 1878. His paintings include, Desolation; Annapolis in 1776; Review at Philadelphia, 1777; The Advance of the Enemy; The Departure for the War, 1776, etc. He died in Summit, N. J., Aug. 28, 1896. Thompson, SIR BENJAMIN. See RUM FORD. Thompson, DANIEL PIERCE, author; born in Charlestown, Mass., Oct. 1, 1795; graduated at Middlebury College in 1820; admitted to the bar in 1823, and practised in Montpelier, Vt.; was register of probate in 1824; clerk of the legislature in 183033; and was appointed to compile the Laws of Vermont from 1824 down to and including the year 1834. He was judge of probate in 1837-40; clerk of the Su |