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21, 1865, telling them that upon their
prowess depended "the hopes of the [Con-
federate] nation." He assured them that
there were hopes of succor from abroad.
"Protract the struggle," he said, "and
you will surely receive the aid of nations
who already deeply sympathize with you."
Public meetings were held in Texas, where
resolutions to continue the contest were
adopted. To meet this danger, General
Sheridan was sent to New Orleans with a
large force, and made preparations for a
vigorous campaign in Texas. His appear-
ance dismayed the trans-Mississippi in-
surgents, and they refused to longer fol-
low their leaders in the hopeless struggle.
General Smith formally surrendered his
whole command to General Canby (May
26), but exhibited "the bad faith," said
Grant in his report, "of first disbanding
most of his army, and permitting an in-
discriminate plunder of the public prop-
So ended the Civil War in the
erty."
field.

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Samuel Houston
Thomas J. Rusk.

J. Pinckney Henderson...

Matthias Ward.
John Hemphill..
Louis T. Wigfall.

37th, 38th, 39th,
J. W. Flanagan.....
Morgan C. Hamilton.
Samu. Bell Maxey.
Richard Coke..
John H. Reagan....

Horace Chilton...
Roger Q. Mills....

Horace Chilton..
Charles A. Culberson.

Andrew J. Hamilton was appointed by the President provisional governor in the summer of 1865, and measures were taken for the reorganization of civil government there. Under the reconstruction acts of 1867, Texas, with Louisiana, was made a military district, and subjected to mili- Joseph W. Bailey...... tary rule under General Sheridan. A convention assembled Dec. 7, 1868, adopted a constitution, which was ratified at an election (Nov. 30 to Dec. 3) in 1869, and a governor and legislature were chosen at the same time. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the national Constitution were ratified (Feb. 23, 1870), and on March 30, by act of Congress, the State was entitled to representation in Congress. On April 16 the government was transferred to the civil authorities. Population in 1890, 2,235,523; in 1900, 3,048,740. See BENTON, THOMAS H.; UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, TEXAS, in this volume.

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No. of Congress

29th to 36th
29th 35th

35th 35th to 36th 36th 37th

Term.

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36th 37th 1860 46 1861

and 40th Congresses vacant.

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Texas Rangers, a body of armed and mounted men constituting a combined military and constabulary force. It has been in existence for many years; is made up of carefully selected men; and has many deeds of extraordinary daring credited to its memory. As the name implies, this body ranges over the State in the performance of its unique work, at one time assisting the officers of the law in their duties, at others defending the Rio Grande border against raiding cattle thieves from Mexico, and at others suppressing riots and other disturbances of the peace. The best idea of the peculiar functions of this body is obtained from a report of its operations in the single month of December, 1897, when the members made forty arrests for various crimes; were sent on seventy scouting expeditions; assisted sheriff's forty-seven times; guarded jails nine times; attended district courts thirty-four times; made nine attempts to

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arrest that failed; and travelled 4,843 the father of cotton manufacturing in the miles.

United States. But his operations were only in spinning the yarn. It remained for a citizen of the United States, Francis C. Lowell, a merchant of Boston, to introduce the weaving of cotton cloth here. He invented a power loom, and in 1812 he and Francis S. Jackson erected a mill in Waltham, Mass. The machinery was

Textile Fabrics. The difficulty of pay ing for imported goods in Massachusetts, about 1640, stimulated the people to new kinds of industry. Among other things, cotton and woollen cloths were manufactured. The cultivation of hemp and flax was successfully undertaken. Vessels were sent to the West Indies for cotton, constructed by Paul Moody. After many and, at Rowley, where a colony of York- failures and alterations, they succeeded shire clothiers had recently settled, the in perfecting looms that worked well, and fabrication of linen, woollen, and cotton in 1813 they had also & spinning-wheel, cloth was set on foot. The first cotton with 1,300 spindles. Slater's Rhode factory in the United States was started Island mill had then only 144 spindles. in Beverly, Mass., in 1789, by a company See COTTON. who only succeeded in introducing that Thacher, JAMES, physician; born in industry, with very imperfect machinery. Barnstable, Mass., Feb. 14, 1754; joined A woollen factory was in operation in the Continental army at Cambridge in Hartford, Conn., in 1789, and in 1794 one 1775, and served through the war as surwas established in Byfield, Mass. The geon, being present at many of the promisame year a carding-machine for wool was nent battles in the North. He kept a first put into operation in the United diary, and in 1824 published a Military States. It was constructed under the Journal of the Revolution, a work of great direction of John and Arthur Schofield. historical value. He was author, also, of SAMUEL SLATER (q. v.) may be considered several other works, scientific, philosophi

cal, and historical. He died in Plymouth, myself fortunate to collect a sufficiency Mass., May 26, 1844. to mount the general officers." Harrison Thacher, JOHN BOYD, author; born in did pursue. On Oct. 1 he was joined by Ballston, N. Y., Sept. 11, 1847; gradu- Col. Richard M. Johnson, with his cavalry, ated at Williams College in 1869; served in the State Senate in 1884-85, where he introduced measures which later resulted in the reform of the tenement-house construction and management; was mayor of Albany in 1886-87 and 1896-97; was appointed by President Harrison a member of the World's Columbian Exposition Commission, and became chairman of its bureau of awards. He wrote The Continent of America, its Discovery and its Baptism; The Cabotian Discovery, etc.

at Sandwich. There a council of officers was held. Only two lines of pursuit were feasible-one by Lake Erie to Long Point, the other by land to the rear of the fugitives. The latter was chosen. McArthur and his brigade were left to hold Detroit; Cass's brigade and Ball's regiment were left at Sandwich, and 3,500 men, mostly Kentucky volunteers, started in pursuit towards Chatham, on the Thames River, where, it was ascertained, Proctor had encamped. General Cass accompanied Harrison as volunteer aide.

Learning that some small vessels containing the enemy's artillery and baggage were escaping on Lake St. Clair towards the mouth of the Thames, Commodore Perry despatched a portion of his fleet, under Captain Elliott, in pursuit. Perry soon followed in the Ariel, accompanied by the Caledonia. The little squadron

Thames, BATTLE OF THE. When General Harrison landed his invading army near Fort Malden, Canada, in 1813, General Proctor, in command of the British troops there, fled northward, leaving the fort, navy buildings, and store-houses in flames. Proctor had impressed into his service all the horses of the inhabitants to facilitate his flight. Harrison wrote reached (Oct. 2) the mouth of the Thames, to the Secretary of War (Sept. 27): "I will pursue the enemy to-morrow, although there is no probability of overtaking him, as he has upwards of 1,000 horses and we have not one in the army. I shall think

with the baggage, provisions, and ammunition wagons of the Americans, but the vessels of the enemy had escaped up that stream. Harrison pressed forward rapidly, along the border of the lake and

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up the Thames. Three of Perry's armed and scorned by honorable men for his vessels also went up the river as convoys career of cruelty and cowardice in Amer

to transports. The British had encamped at Dolsen's-700 white men and 1,200 Indians-but on the approach of Harrison they continued their flight, Tecumseh cursing Proctor for his cowardice. The former boasted of the victory he should win, but kept on retreating, destroying bridges and other property in his flight, burning his Own vessels and leaving arms behind. At last the pursuit was so sharp and close that Proctor was compelled to make a stand on the bank of the Thames, near the Moravian town, his left on the river, where the bank is high and precipitous, and on his right a marsh, running almost parallel with the river for about 2 miles. The space between was covered with woods, with very little undergrowth.

The British regulars were formed in two lines between a smaller swamp and the river, their artillery being planted in the road, near the bank of that stream. The Indians were posted between the two swamps, and so disposed as easily to flank Harrison's left. They were commanded by Tecumseh, assisted by Oshawahnah, a brave Chippewa chief. Harrison's force

was now little more than 3,000 in number, composed of 120 regulars, five brigades of Kentucky volunteers, under Governor Shelby, and Colonel Johnson's regiment of mounted men. Harrison attacked (Oct. 5), and a severe battle ensued. Tecumseh was slain, and his amazed followers, who had fought desperately, broke and fled to the shelter of the swamp. The whole British force was speedily vanquished, and most of them were made prisoners. Proctor escaped in a carriage, with his personal staff, a few dragoons, and mounted Indians, hotly pursued some distance by Johnson and his horsemen. He made his way to the western end of Lake Ontario, and there his military career was ended. Censured by his superiors, rebuked by the Prince Regent,

ica, Proctor sank into merited obscurity.

Harrison's victory was complete. The whole country resounded with his praises. Congress gave him and Shelby the thanks

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OSHAWAHNAH,*

of the nation and each a gold medal. At the battle of the Thames six brass cannon taken from Hull at Detroit were recovered, on two of which were engraved the words, "Surrendered by Burgoyne at Saratoga."

These may now be seen at West Point. The loss in this short but decisive battle is not exactly known. lt.

* This picture is from a photograph from life of Tecumseh's lieutenant at the battle of the Thames, taken at Brantford, Canada, in September, 1858, when he was attending a In that council he apgrand council there. peared with all his testimonials of bravery

He

his "stars and garters "-as seen in the picture. Around his hat was a silver band. also displayed a silver gorget, medals, etc., a sash of bead-work, strings of wampum, and an ornamented tomahawk pipe. He was then about ninety years of age. He had been a famous warrior-the hero of fifteen battles.

reciting the occasion which prompted the observance. With only one exception, Congress suspended business on the days appointed for thanksgiving.

Washington issued a proclamation for a general thanksgiving by the Continental army on Thursday, Dec. 18, 1777; and again, at Valley Forge, May 7, 1778. As President, Washington appointed Thursday, Nov. 26, 1789, a day for general

iasted only about fifteen minutes. The Americans lost about forty-five killed and wounded; the British forty-four, besides 600 made prisoners. Harrison had recovered all that Hull had lost. He had gained much. He had subdued western Canada, broken up the Indian Confederacy, and ended the war on the northwestern border of the Union. The frontier being secured, Harrison dismissed a greater portion of the volunteers. Leaving General Cass thanksgiving throughout the Union; also (whom he had appointed civil and military governor of Michigan) in command of a garrison at Detroit, composed of 1,000 regulars, he proceeded (Oct. 23) with the remainder of his troops to Niagara, to join the Army of the Centre. For some unexplained reason General Armstrong, the Secretary of War, treated Harrison so badly that the latter left the army, and the country was deprived of his valuable services at a most critical time. See HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY.

Thursday, Feb. 19, 1795. Successive Presidents of the United States were moved to do likewise, from time to time. The Book of Common Prayer, revised (1789) for the use of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America, directed the first Thursday of November (unless another day be appointed by the civil authorities) "to be observed as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God for the fruits of the earth," etc. In New England, especially, a day of thanksgiving has been annually celebrated for a century and more, and made the occasion for family reunions. The custom gradually extendca to other States, and for several years the President of the United States has issued a proclamation for a day of public thanksgiving throughout the Union-usually the last Thursday in November-and the State executives have chosen the same day, so that the custom is now general. Thanksgiving Day is now a legal holiday.

Thanksgiving Day. The first recorded public thanksgiving appointed by authority, in America, was proclaimed in Massachusetts Bay in 1631. Owing to the great scarcity of provisions and consequent menace of starvation, Feb. 22 was appointed to be observed as a fast-day. Before that time a long-expected vessel arrived, laden with provisions, and the fast-day was changed into one of thanks giving. The practice was sometimes observed in New Netherland. Governor Kieft proclaimed a public thanksgiving, to be held in February, 1644, on account of a victory over the Indians; and again, in 1645, because of the conclusion of peace. Thanksgivings and fasts, sometimes general and sometimes partial, were appointed in the several colonies, and early in the Revolutionary War the Continental Congress adopted the practice. The days appointed during the war were as follows: Thursday, July 20, 1775; Friday, May 17, 1776; and another, to be fixed by the several States, ordered by resolution, Dec. 11, 1776; Wednesday, April 22, 1778; Thurs day, May 6, 1779: Wednesday, April 6, 1780; Thursday, May 3, 1781; Thursday, April 25, 1782. These eight several appointments of thanksgiving days were Thatcher, BENJAMIN BUSSEY, author: made by the Continental Congress, in the born in Warren, Me., Oct. 8, 1809; graduform of recommendations to the executive ated at Bowdoin College in 1826; studied heads of the several State governments, law and was admitted to the bar, but

Tharin, ROBERT SEYMOUR SYMMES, lawyer; born in Magnolia, S. C., Jan. 10, 1830; graduated at the College of Charleston in 1857 and at the Law Department of the University of New York in 1859; was strongly in favor of the Union prior to the Civil War, and owing to his opinions was attacked by a mob in 1861. He fled to Cincinnati; afterwards settled in Richmond, Ind.; and served in the Union army in 1861-62. In 1888 he declined a nomination, by the Industrial Conference in Washington, for President of the United States; and was later engaged in the auditor's office in Washington. His publications include Arbitrary Arrests in the South; and Letters on the Political Situation.

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