habitants, the legislature framed a con- agricultural industry. Manufacturing stitution for the "State of Deseret," industries began early, owing to the disand application was afterwards frequently tance and lack of communication with made for its admission into the Union, manufacturing centres, and now there are without success till 1896, when it was cotton-mills, tanneries, and machine-shops regularly admitted, with an area of 84,- of different natures that thrive, and the 928 square miles. beet-root sugar industry is comparatively large.

A large part of the soil of the State is Mountain Meadow. Many emigrants were practically unfit for cultivation. There killed, others defended themselves braveare, however, some portions which are ly. Then two Mormons, named Lee and cleared of alkali, and by means of irri- Haight, offered to help the emigrants eastgation there has grown up a considerable ward if they would follow their guidance.

This being agreed to, the two Mormons at the Uintah and Ouray agencies in led the men and women into an ambush Utah; and a number of Pi-Utes and Pahand killed all but seventeen of them. It Utes on reservations in Oregon, Indian was not till 1874 that it became known Territory, and Nevada. that the Mormons and not the Indians were responsible for this. See MORMONS; UNITED STATES, UTAH, in this vol

ume.

Ute Indians, a branch of the Shoshone stock of North American Indians, com

UTE INDIANS.

Outbreak of 1879.--There seems to have been no real cause for this outbreak, though some years before the agency business was so grossly mismanaged that the Indians were very discontented. Nathan C. Meeker was appointed agent in

1878, and he was said to be both just and humane in all his dealings with the Indians. The ground of discontent at this time, however, seems to have been a general movement on the part of the white men to reduce the reservation of the Utes. In the spring of 1879 the Colorado legislature passed a memorial to Congress urging the opening of the reservation to white settlement, and the removal of the Indians therefrom. Of course, there were many white men ready for encroachment, whether it could be legally attempted or not, and many who did not hesitate to threaten the Indians with removal from their lands. Moreover, Mr. Meeker, believing that the wide extent of country used by the Indians not be permanently

prising fifteen families, and at one time for hunting could occupying the central and western por- left them, with the tide of immigration tions of Colorado and the northeastern portion of Utah, and extending into New Mexico on the south.

In 1899 there were 1,001 Moache, Capote, and Wiminuchie Utes at the southern Ute agency in California; 1,711 Uintah, White River, and Uncompahgre Utes

pressing so closely up to its very borders, endeavored to induce the Indians under his charge to turn their attention to agriculture, supplying them with the necessary implements, and using all the compulsory means allowed him to force them to cultivate the lands. As might have been expect

ed, the spirit of mutiny was aroused im- tion. Major Thornburgh and thirteen mediately. The Indians would not obey of his men were killed, and the rest were Mr. Meeker, and his attempts to enforce the rules he had prescribed only made matters worse. The Indians became more and more unruly, and at last, in July, the agent, feeling that he lost his power to control the rebellious spirit that had been aroused, wrote to the Indian bureau, begging that troops be sent to quiet the Indians. No

forced to intrench themselves as well as
they could. Many were wounded, and
their horses were all killed or captured.
The soldiers were kept in a state of siege
for some days, until another force under
General Merritt reached and rescued
them. On the same day that the attack
was made on Major Thornburgh the Ind-
ians killed Mr. Meeker and all the male
employés of the agency. The women and
children were taken prisoners, but were
not harmed and were released a few
weeks later. Ouray, chief of the White
River Utes, had always professed friend-
liness to the whites and to Mr. Meeker.
He claimed that the attacks had been
made without his previous knowledge,
and immediately ordered his tribe to stop
fighting. When General Merritt and his
forces arrived at the agency Ouray met
him and made such promises for the good
behavior of his tribe that no attempt was
made to punish those who had made the
attack on Major Thornburgh, or the mur-
derers of Mr. Meeker and his assistants,
though a peace commission was sent out
to investigate the matter, and Chief
Ouray said that he would surrender the
responsible actors in the agency murders
if they could be taken to Washington for
trial. The feeling against the Indians in
Colorado was very strong, and had popu-
lar sentiment then had any influence in
shaping matters there is no doubt that
speedy justice would have been visited
on the guilty parties. The fact that this
would have led to a war in which scores
of innocent beings would also have un-
doubtedly perished, is the justification for
the temporizing policy which finally per-
mitted the offenders to escape.

attention was paid to his request at first,
but at last, in September, an order was
issued for the advance of a body of sol-
diers, under Major Thornburgh, from
Fort Fred Steele to the White River
agency "to inquire into the causes of
trouble and to check further insubordi-
nation." It was intended that the Ind-
ians should not know of this advance
until the arrival of the troops at the
agency, but news of the movement flew
on the wings of the wind, as it were, and
with it the rumor that the white soldiers
were coming to drive the Utes from their
lands, and there was an instant uprising Utrecht, TREATY OF, 1713. This treaty
throughout the tribe. The advancing ended QUEEN ANNE'S WAR (q. v.).
cavalry were attacked near the Milk France ceded to England Newfoundland,
River, on the north line of the reserva- Nova Scotia, and Hudson Bay territory.

Utica, a city and county seat of Oneida county, N. Y.; on the Mohawk River. During the colonial period the site of the city was called Old Fort Schuyler. It was a part of 22,000 acres given to William Cosby, the colonial governor, in 1734, when the tract became known as Cosby's Manor. Population in 1900, 56,383.