day in festivity and mirth. After dinner to the organization, and from that time Indian dances were performed in front it became a political society. They met of the wigwam, the calumet was again smoked, and the company separated. Tammany Society, or Columbian Order, a political organization formed chiefly through the exertions of William Mooney, an upholsterer in the city of New York, at the beginning of the administration of President Washington. Its first meeting was held on May 13, 1789. The society took its name from St. Tammany. The officers of the society consisted of a grand sachem and thirteen inferior sachems, representing the President and the governors of the thirteen States. Besides these there was a grand council, of which the sachems were members. It was a

at first in Martling's Long Room, on the corner of Nassau and Frankfort streets. In 1800 the society determined to build a wigwam, and Tammany Hall was erected by them on that spot. Many years afterwards they abandoned the old wigwam and made their quarters in a fine building on Fourteenth Street, adjoining the Academy of Music. Although the actual membership of the society embraced only a few hundred men, it has been able for many years to control and poll many thousand votes and wield an immense power in the politics both of New York City and of the State. Its connection with the gigantic frauds of the Tweed ring led to a natural reaction and a temporary check. But it soon recovered its prestige and increased power. See NEW YORK CHRONOLOGY, in this volume.

very popular society and patriotic in its influence. Its membership included most of the best men of New York City. No party politics were tolerated in its meetings. But when Washington denounced "self-constituted societies," in consequence of the violent resistance to law made by the secret Democratic societies, at the time of the WHISKEY INSURRECTION (q. v.), nearly all the members left it, believing their society to be included in the reproof. Mooney and others adhered

Tampa, a city, port of entry, and county seat of Hillsboro county, Fla. During the American-Spanish War in 1898 it was one of the rendezvous for the American army when being assembled for the invasion of Cuba. Population (1900), 15,839.

Tampico, a seaport town of Mexico, in the State of Tamaulipas, on the Panuco River, 5 miles from the Gulf of Mexico; was taken possession of by the fleet of Commodore Conner, Nov. 14, 1846, in the early part of the war with Mexico.

Taney, ROGER BROOKE, jurist; born in Calvert county, Md., March 17, 1777; graduated at Dickinson College in 1795; admitted to the bar in 1799. He was of a family of English Roman Catholics who settled in Maryland. At the age of twenty-three he was a member of the Maryland Assembly; was State Senator in 1816, and attorney-general of Maryland in 1827. In 1831 President Jackson appointed him United States AttorneyGeneral, and in 1836 he was appointed chief-justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, to succeed Judge Marshall. In 1857 he gave his famous opinion in the DRED SCOTT CASE (q. v.), and was an earnest upholder of the slave-system. He died in Washington, D. C., Oct. 12, 1864.

Tanner, BENJAMIN, engraver; born in New York City, March 27, 1775; removed to Philadelphia, Pa., in 1799, and with his brother Henry founded a map-publishing

cern.

Tanner, JOHN, captive; born in Kentucky about 1780. His father laid out a farm at the mouth of the Big Miami River, O. When John was six years old he was captured by an Indian, and after two years' detention was sold to Net-nokwa, an Ottawa Indian. He lived in captivity for thirty years, becoming so

establishment. He also founded the bank- missioner of Pensions in 1889. On resignnote engraving house of Tanner, Vallance, ing this office he became a pension attorKearny & Co., in 1816. Later this enter- ney. prise was abandoned and he founded a blank-check-note and draft publishing conHis engravings include Apotheosis of Washington; Perry's Victory on Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813; The Launch of the Steam Frigate Fulton; Macdonough's Victory on Lake Champlain, and Defeat of the British Army at Plattsburg by General McComb, Sept. 11, 1814; The Surrender thoroughly accustomed to Indian life that of Cornwallis at Yorktown; America Guided by Wisdom, etc. He died in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 14, 1848.

he forgot his own language. He engaged in warlike expeditions and married Miskwa-bun-o-kwa ("the Red Sky of the Morning"). Subsequently he went to Detroit, where he met his brother and visited his family. He was then employed

Tanner, BENJAMIN TUCKER, clergyman; born of African parents in Pittsburg, Pa., Dec. 25, 1835; studied theology in the Western Theological Seminary; was editor as an interpreter. He was the author of of the Christian Recorder for sixteen years; founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church Review, of which he was editor for four years. He was ordained bishop in 1888. His publications include The Origin of the Negro; The Negro in Holy Writ; The Color of Solomon: What?

etc.

Tanner, HENRY S., cartographer; born in New York City in 1786; brother of Benjamin Tanner; settled in Philadelphia early in life; returned to New York in 1850. His maps include the New American Atlas; The World; Map of the United States of Mexico; Map of Philadelphia; and Map of the United States of America. He was also the author of Memoir on the Recent Surveys in the United States; View of the Valley of the Mississippi; American Traveller; Central Traveller; New Picture of Philadelphia; and Description of the Canals and Railroads of the United States. He died in New York City in 1858.

a Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner during Thirty Years' Residence among the Indians. He died in 1847.

Tanoan Indians, a family of North American Indians that were widely scattered in the middle of the sixteenth century, and were divided into several groups which received distinct names from the Spanish discoverers and conquerors. They occupied nearly all of the valley of the Rio Grande del Norte, a stretch of country approximately 230 miles long by an extreme width of 100 miles, and extending within forty miles of New Mexico to within 120 miles of Mexico. The Pueblo of Isleta, in New Mexico, contains the largest population, about 1,000.

Taos. See TANOAN INDIANS.

Tappan, a village of New York, 24 miles north of New York City, and 11⁄2 miles west of the Hudson River. Here, on Oct. 2, 1780, MAJ. JOHN ANDRÉ (q. v.) was hanged as a British spy.

Tappan, ARTHUR, philanthropist; born in Northampton, Mass., May 22, 1786; received a common school education; established himself in business in Portland, Me., and subsequently in Montreal, Canada, where he remained until the beginning of the War of 1812. He was the founder of Oberlin College, and erected Tappan Hall there; endowed Lane Theo

Tanner, JAMES, attorney; born in Richmondville, N. Y., April 4, 1844; received a common school education; enlisted as a private in the 87th New York Volunteers in 1861; was promoted corporal; took part in the second battle of Bull Run, and there lost both legs. He returned to his native State in 1866; studied law; was appointed to a post in the New York Custom-house; became logical Seminary in Cincinnati; estabdeputy collector under General Arthur; was tax collector of Brooklyn in 1877-85; and was appointed United States Com

lished a professorship at Auburn Theological Seminary; was one of the found. ers of the American Tract Society; and

Journal of Commerce in 1828 and The Emancipator in 1833. He was the first president of the American Anti-slavery Society, to which he contributed $1,000 a month for several years, but withdrew in 1840 on account of the aggressive spirit manifested by many members towards the churches and the Union; and during his later years was connected with a mercantile agency which his brother Lewis established. He died in New Haven, Conn., July 23, 1865.

with his brother established the New York and protection; there are no prohibitory duties except on chiccory, shoddy, doctor. ed wines, and a few articles of like character. Before the adoption of the United States Constitution most of the American colonies had systems of taxation on imports. The first acts of the Dutch West India Company with reference to the colony of New Netherlands provided for export and import duties, and specific rates were levied on furs and codfish by act of June 7, 1629. In 1661 the council of Virginia laid an import tax on rum and sugar, and forbade unloading them except at appointed ports. The government of Massachusetts enacted a general import tax, November, 1668. Under the confederation, the Continental Congress made numerous unsuccessful attempts to induce the States to join in an import tax for the common treasury, only succeeding in securing, in 1786, an agreement from New York, granting to the United States certain imposts, provided the other States did the same. A measure for taxing im ports, "for the support of the government, for the discharge of debts of the United States, and the encouragement and protection of manufactures," was introduced in the House of Representatives of the First Congress, by James Madison, April 8, 1789. From this dates tariff legislation in the United States.

Tappan, LEWIS, merchant; brother of Arthur Tappan; born in Northampton, Mass., May 23, 1788; received a common school education; established himself in business with his brother in 1814. Later he became interested in calico-print works and the manufacture of cotton; removed to New York in 1827, and with his brother engaged in the importing trade. In 1833 he became deeply interested in the anti-slavery movement, in consequence of which he and his brother at various times suffered personal violence. He was in volved in the crisis of 1837, and soon after withdrew from the firm and established the first mercantile agency in the country. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 21, 1873.

Tarbox, INCREASE NILES, author; born in East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 11, 1815; graduated at Yale College in 1839; studied theology and became pastor of a Congregational church in Framingham, Mass., in 1844; later was made secretary of the American College and Education Society of Boston. His publications include The Curse, or the Position Occupied in History by the Race of Ham; Life of Israel Putnam, Major-General in the Continental Army: Sir Walter Raleigh and His Colony in America, etc. He died in West Newton, Mass., May 3, 1888.

Tariff. The tariff is a tax levied upon exports or (especially) imports. A duty was early collected by Moslem rulers at the Spanish port Tarifa, whence the modern name, on goods passing through the Strait of Gibraltar. The word as used in the United States was adopted from the English tariffs, which before the reign of Queen Elizabeth were prohibitory, and since used as a source of revenue. In the United States the tarif is for revenue