The first modern temperance society was formed in 1789 by 200 farmers of Litchfield county, Conn., who agreed not to use "any distilled liquor in doing their farmwork the ensuing season." Organized societies of a similar kind began to be formed in 1811, and in 1826 the first public temperance society was organized in the United States. The total abstinence principle was not adopted until 1836, when a national convention held at Saratoga, N. Y., took that higher stand. The Washingtonian Society, the first formed on the Provincial Congress in 1775; and total-abstinence principles, was organized in Baltimore in 1840 by six men of intemperate habits who signed a pledge to totally abstain from intoxicating drinks. At the first anniversary of the society 1,000 reformed drunkards walked in procession.

1846. He delivered the first speech for the Union made in Tennessee after the first election of Abraham Lincoln; was chancellor of Tennessee in 1866-78; retired from the practice of law in 1881; was postmaster in Knoxville, Tenn., in 188185. He is the author of The Covenanter, the Cavalier, and the Puritan; and East Tennessee and the Civil War.

Ten Broeck, ABRAHAM, military officer; born in Albany, N. Y., May 13, 1734; became a merchant in 1753; member of

chairman of the convention that inaugurated the State government in 1776. Soon after the outbreak of the Revolutionary War he was appointed colonel of militia; was made brigadier-general in 1778, and commanded the forces in Ulster and Dutchess counties, and a brigade in the action at Bemis's Heights in October, 1777. He was mayor of Albany in 177983. He died in Albany, N. Y., Jan. 10,

Temple, OLIVER PERRY, lawyer; born in Green county, Tenn., Jan. 27, 1820; graduated at Washington College, Tennessee, in 1844, and was admitted to the bar in 1810.

TENNESSEE, STATE OF

and over intervening ridges to the Clinch and one or two other streams, while others penetrated Powell Valley and began a settlement in the southwest corner of Vir

Tennessee, STATE OF, was originally a part of North Carolina, and was claimed as a hunting-ground by the Chickasaws, Choctaws, Shawnees, and even by the Six Nations. No tribe made it a fixed habitation excepting the Cherokees, who dwelt in the extreme southeast part. Earl Loudon, governor of Virginia, sent Andrew Lewis thither in 1756 to plant a settlement, and he built Fort Loudon, on the Tennessee River, about 30 miles from the site of Knoxville. It was besieged by Indians in 1760 and captured, the inmates being murdered or reduced to captivity. Armed men from Virginia and North Carolina retook the fort in 1761, and compelled the Indians to sue for peace.

Immigrants from North Carolina, led by James Robinson, settled on the Watauga River, one of the head streams of the Tennessee, in 1768. It was on lands of the Cherokees, from whom the settlers obtained an eight-year lease in 1771. They there organized themselves into a body ginia. These early settlers were known as politic, and adopted a code of laws signed the "Watauga Association" from 1769 to by each adult individual of the colony. Others soon joined them and extended set- The territory was represented in the tlements down the valley of the Holston, North Carolina legislature as the District

1777.

of Washington. In 1785 the STATE OF would have been impolitic and hazardous FRANKLAND (q. v.) was organized, but to undertake by open force. They went was reunited with North Carolina in mounted, and leading a mare of Sevier's 1788, and the next year

that State ceded the territory to the national government.

JOHN SEVIER (q. v.), first governor of Frankland, stands out as one of the most prominent and picturesque figures in the early and formative history of Tennessee. He was called "the greatest of Indian fighters," having fought against the savage Creeks, Choctaws, and Cherokeesthe bravest, most warlike, and most blood-thirsty of all the native tribes east of the Mississippi. The settlers were constantly menaced by them, and nothing had saved the stouthearted pioneers from total extermination except their rude log forts and the sleepless and untiring vigilance of such men as Sevier, whose sterling honesty, captivating manners, and generous public spirit, great personal bravery, and high soldierly qualities had won for him the admiration and affection

of every man, woman, and child throughout the wide expanse of the territory.

JOHN SEVIER.

which was known as the swiftest-footed animal in the territory. The rescuers halted on the outskirts of Morganton, and, concealing their horses in a clump of underbrush, left them there in charge of the young Seviers. Then Cosby and Evans, disguised as countrymen, entered the town. When they arrived at the court-house, Evans dismounted, and, throwing the bridle loosely over the neck of the animal, stood with her directly before the open door and in plain view of the interior of the building. Then Cosby entered the courtroom, and, elbowing his way up the crowd

An incident which well serves to illustrate their devotion to him, as well as a typical phase of the arduous life of those times, is recorded in the story of the trial of Sevier by the State authorities of North Carolina, for high treason and outlawry, and his ingenious and dramatic rescue by a party headed by one of his lieutenants, James Cosby. The trial was in progress at Morganton, and many thousands had come together to witness what was deemed by them the most important political event that had occurred since the proc- ed aisle, halted directly in front of the lamation of peace with Great Britain. With three others-Major Evans, and James and John Sevier, the two sons of the general-Cosby proposed to go to the rescue, to effect by stratagem what it

judge's bench, and only a few feet from where his beloved leader stood encompassed by the court officials. Catching his eye, Cosby, by a significant gesture, directed Sevier's attention to his horse, that

stood impatiently pawing the ground at all eyes upon him in amazement. For a the door. At one glance, the quick eye of Sevier took in the situation. Seeing that he was understood, Cosby pressed closer to the bench, and in quick, energetic tones said to the judge: Are you not about done with that man?" The question, and the tone and manner of the speaker, drew

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few moments-as Cosby had intended-all was confusion. Taking instant advantage of this, Sevier sprang from among the officers, and, the crowd parting to the right and left, with two bounds he was upon the back of his horse and in two hours far away in the mountains. He was followed

amended in 1835, and again in 1853. The seat of government was migratory, having been at Knoxville, Kingston, Nashville, and Murfreesboro until 1826, when it was

by the cheers of the crowd, and by a posse of State officials, but the mare outstripped them and bore her brave rider in safety to his home on the Nolichucky. As the news of Sevier's escape flew from hamlet permanently fixed at Nashville. Tennesto hamlet, the whole territory broke out see took an active part in the War of into a blaze of bonfires and illuminations, 1812-15, especially in the operations in and soon the people elected him-branded the Gulf region. rebel and outlaw as he was-to the Senate of North Carolina, and within twelve months Washington gave him the rank of general, with the supreme military command of the district now comprised in east Tennessee.

Tidings of the declaration of war reached Andrew Jackson at the Hermitage, near Nashville, a week after that event, and on the same day (June 26) he authorized Governor Blount to tender to the President of the United States the In 1790 it was organized, together with services of himself and 2,500 men of his Kentucky, as "The Territory South of the division (he was a major-general of TenOhio." A distinct territorial government nessee militia) as volunteers for the war. was granted to Tennessee in 1794, and in Madison received Jackson's generous offer 1796 (June 1) it entered the Union as a with gratitude, and accepted it "with State. The constitution then framed was peculiar satisfaction." The Secretary of

waited until March 1, when he wrote to the Secretary of War, saying he saw little chance for the employment of his small army in the South, and suggested that they might be used in the North.

Day after day he waited anxiously for an answer. At length one came from John Armstrong, the new Secretary of War, who wrote simply that the causes of calling out the Tennessee volunteers to march to New Orleans had ceased to exist, and that on the receipt of that letter they would be dismissed from public service. He was directed to turn over to General Wilkinson all public property that may have been put into his hands. The letter concluded with the tender of cold and formal thanks of the President to Jackson and his troops. The hero's anger was fiercely kindled because of this cruel letter, which dismissed his army 500 miles from their homes, without pay, without sufficient clothing, without provisions, or means of transportation through a wilderness in which Indians only roamed. He wrote fiery letters to the President, Secretary of War, and Governor Blount, and took the responsibility of disobeying his orders and taking the troops back to Nashville before he would dismiss them. The Secretary apologized, saying he did not know that Jackson had moved far from Nashville when he wrote the letter. Late in March he began his homeward movement. It was full of peril and fatigue, and it took a month to accomplish it, moving 18 miles a day. The general shared the privations of his soldiers, who admired his wonderful endurance. They said he was as "tough as hickory," and he received the nickname, which he bore through life, of "Old Hickory." Drawn up in the public square at Nashville, the Tennessee volunteers were presented with an elegant stand of colors from the ladies of Knoxville, and were there disbanded, May 22, 1813.

War wrote (July 11) a cordial letter of acceptance to Governor Blount, and that official publicly thanked Jackson and his volunteers for the honor they had done the State of Tennessee by their patriotic move ment. Everything seemed so quiet below the Tennessee River that it was past midautumn before the Tennessee volunteers were called upon. On Oct. 21 Governor Blount was asked for 1,500 volunteers to be sent to New Orleans to reinforce Wilkinson, and he made a requisition upon Jackson for that number. The latter immediately entered upon that military career which rendered his name famous. On Dec. 10, when the weather in Tennessee was intensely cold and deep snow lay upon the ground, about 2,000 troops assembled at Nashville, bearing clothes for both cold and warm weather. When organized, these consisted of two regiments of infantry of 700 men each, commanded respectively by Cols. William Hall and Thomas H. Benton, and a corps of cavalry, 670 in number, under the command of Col. John Coffee. These troops were composed of the best physical and social materials of the State. On Jan 7, 1813, the little army went down the Cumberland River in boats, excepting the mounted men, whom Coffee led across the country to join the others at Natchez, on the Mississippi. In a letter to the Secretary of War, General Jack son, alluding to the conduct of some Pennsylvania and New York troops on the Niagara frontier who had constitutional objections to going into a foreign country by invading Canada, said: "I am now at the head of 2,070 volunteers-the choicest of our citizens-who go at the call of their country to execute the will of the government, who have no constitutional scruples,' and, if the government orders, will rejoice at the opportunity of placing the American eagle on the ramparts of Mobile, Pensacola, and Fort Augustine, effectually banishing from the The people of Tennessee-the daughter Southern coasts all British influence." of North Carolina-like those of the parJackson was then forty-six years of age. ent State, loved the Union supremely; The troops, after many hardships, reach- but their governor, ISHAM G. HARRIS ed Natchez and disembarked, when they (q. v.), had been for months in conmet an order from Wilkinson to halt there fidential correspondence with the Confedand await further orders, as he had no erates in the Gulf States and in South instructions concerning their employment; Carolina and Virginia. To further this nor had he quarters for their accom- cause he labored incessantly to bring modation. There Jackson and his men about the secession of Tennessee. He call

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