66 spring of 1811, trying to induce them to to the war-path. The wily Prophet, who join his confederacy. He went on a sim- had been told by the British when a comet ilar mission in the autumn, taking with would appear, told the excited multitude him his brother, the Prophet, partly that they would see the arm of Tecumseh, to employ him as a cunning instrument like pale fire, stretched out in the vault in managing the superstitious Indians, of heaven at a certain time, and thus and partly to prevent his doing mischief they would know by that sign when to beat home in Tecumseh's absence. About gin the war. The people looked upon him thirty warriors accompanied them. His with awe, for the fame of Tecumseh mission, then, was to engage the Indians and the Prophet had preceded them. Teas allies for the British and against the cumseh continued his mission with sucAmericans. The Choctaws and Chicka- cess, but found opponents here and there. saws, through whose country Tecumseh Among the most conspicuous of them was passed, would not listen to him; but the Tustinuggee-Thlucco, the Big Warrior." Seminoles and Creeks lent him willing Tecumseh tried every art to convert him ears. He addressed the assembled Creeks to his purposes. At length he said, anfor the first time in the lower part of grily: Tustinuggee-Thlucco, your blood (the present) Autauga county, Ala., late is white. You have taken my redsticks in October. Soon afterwards, having ad- and my talk, but you do not mean to dressed the Creeks at different points, he fight. I know the reason; you do not approached a great council called by Colo- believe the Great Spirit has sent me. nel Hawkins, United States Indian agent, You shall believe it. I will leave directly at Toockabatcha, the ancient Creek cap- and go straight to Detroit. When I get ital, where fully 5,000 of the nation were there, I will stamp my foot upon the gathered. Tecumseh marched with dig- ground and shake down every house in nity into the square with his train of Toockabatcha." thirty followers, entirely naked, excepting their flaps and ornaments, their faces painted black, their heads adorned with eagles' feathers, while buffalo tails dragged behind, suspended by bands around their waists. Like appendages were attached to their arms, and their whole appearance was as hideous as possible, and their bearing uncommonly pompous and ceremonious. They marched round and round in the square, and then, approaching the Creek chiefs, gave them the Indian salutation of a hand-shake at arm's-length and exchanged tobacco in token of friendship. So they made their appearance each day until Hawkins departed. Strangely enough, at about the time Tecumseh must have arrived at Detroit, there was heard a deep rumbling underground all over the Alabama region, and there was a heaving of the earth that made the houses of Toockabatcha reel and totter as if about to fall. The startled savages ran out, exclaiming: "Tecumseh is at Detroit! Tecumseh is at Detroit! We feel the stamp of his foot!" It was the shock of an earthquake that was felt all over the Gulf region in December, 1812. At the same time the comet-the blazing arm of Tecumseh — appeared in the sky. These events made a powerful impression on nearly the whole Creek nation, but it did not move the "Big Warrior" from his allegiance to the United States. The Creeks rose in arms, and in less than two years their nation was ruined. That night a council was held in the great round-house. It was packed with eager listeners. Tecumseh made a fiery and vengeful speech, exhorting the Creeks to abandon the customs of the pale faces In the War of 1812-15 Tecumseh was and return to those of their fathers; to the active ally of the British, and recast away the plough and loom and cease ceived the commission of brigadier-general the cultivation of the soil, for it was an in the British army. Assisting General unworthy pursuit for noble hunters and Proctor in the battle of the Thames, he warriors. He warned them that the Amer- was slain there, Oct. 5, 1813. Who killed icans were seeking to exterminate them Tecumseh? was an unsettled, and, at one and possess their country; and told them time, exciting question. It was supposed, that their friends, the British, had sent at the time of the battle on the Thames, him from the Great Lakes to invite them that he was slain by the pistol of Col. as Richard M. Johnson. Indeed, the friends He deserted the Moravians in 1754, and of Colonel Johnson asserted it positively led the Delawares and their allies who an undoubted fact; and during the resided within the WALKING PURCHASE political campaign when he was a can (q. v.), Wyoming Valley. In November, didate for the Vice Presidency of the 1757, a treaty of pacification was conUnited States, the question caused much cluded with Teedyuscung at Easton, Pa., warm discussion. That he killed an Ind- and in the following year a town was laid ian under circumstances which were war- out in Wyoming Valley for him and his ranted was never denied. Two Indian tribe. His house was set afire by an warriors lay dead upon the spot after the enemy while he was asleep, and he was battle, one of whom was believed to be burned to death, April 16, 1763. Tecumseh. They were stripped naked. It has been pretty clearly shown that neither body was that of Tecumseh, for his was carried away by his warriors. tized. In the fall of 1790, while on a The exasperated Kentuckians mutilated the supposed body of Tecumseh, and later Kentuckians have recorded, by a sculpt JOHNSON'S MONUMENT. ure in marble upon Colonel Johnson's monument, in the cemetery at Frankfort, their conviction that he killed the great chief. Teedyuscung, chief of the Delaware Indians; born near Trenton, N. J., about 1700; removed to the forks of the Delaware in 1730; received Christian baptism and the name Gideon from Bishop Cammerhoff, a Moravian missionary, in 1750. Teganakoa, STEPHEN, Indian convert; went with his family to the mission of Sault St. Louis, where they were bap hunting expedition with his wife and another Indian, he was taken prisoner by a band of Cayugas and carried to Onondaga, N. Y. One of the party said to him that he owed his death to having left his countrymen for the "dogs of Christians at the Sault." He answered: "Do what you will with me, I fear neither your outrages nor your fires. I willingly give my life for a God who shed his blood for me." He was then slowly tortured to death, enduring his agony with fortitude and praying for his torturers. Teganissorens, an Iroquois Indian chief; born in Onondaga, N. Y.; became a strong ally of the French; was converted to Christianity in 1693; and in the following year visited Frontenac, the French governor, to whom he proposed the rehabilitation of Fort Catarocouy (Kingston), which appeared to Frontenac as a wise policy. He accordingly raised an expedition to carry out the plan which he was soon forced to abandon, owing to orders received from the French Court. Later Teganissorens received both English and French agents, to whom he declared that he would remain neutral, and thereafter strongly protested against attacks on the English settlers. In 1711 he gave information to the French that preparations were being made in New York, Boston, and Albany for the invasion of Canada. He died in Caughnawaga, or Sault St. Louis, after 1711. Tehuantepec Ship Railway. Early in 1881 Capt. James B. Eads, who had won considerable reputation as an engineer in building the great bridge over the Mississippi at St. Louis, and also in constructing the system of jetties at the mouth of that river, obtained from the Mexican of legislation before adjournment, and as Captain Eads died March 8 following, nothing was accomplished with his scheme. government the right to build a ship railway across the isthmus of Tehuantepec. That government also promised him a large grant of money and land, and he immediately made application to Congress for further aid to secure the carrying-out of the plan. The matter was referred in the House of Representatives to a committee, and this body, Feb. 12, 1881, made report endorsing the project, and recommending the passage of a bill pledging the protection of the United States to the railway company and guaranteeing the interest on $50,000,000 of its bonds. This report, however, was laid upon the table by an overwhelming vote, and thus for the time being the consideration of the merits of the project was prevented. Captain Eads estimated the cost of the railway over the Tehuantepec route, 112 miles in length, at $75,000,000. He claimed that wherever a canal could be built a strong railway for the transportation of ships could be built for half the cost of the canal. He selected the Tehuantepec in preference to the Panama route. In the fall of 1881, and in 1882, a corps of engineers were employed in surveying this route. However, all Captain Eads obtained from the Forty-sixth or the two subsequent congresses was favorable committee reports. When he was altogether worn out with the struggle to obtain due recognition for his scheme, the Forty-ninth Congress partially consented to incorporate his company. A bill was passed by the Senate Feb. 17, 1887, which constituted James B. Eads and some eighty other persons named as a body politic under the name and title of the Atlantic and Pacific Ship Railway Company. The stock was not to exceed $100,000,000, and when 10 per cent. of the stock had been subscribed for and 10 per cent. thereon paid in cash, a meeting of stockholders was to be held in Washington or New York for the election of directors. If $10,000,000 of stock was not subscribed for and 10 per cent. in cash paid thereon within two years, the charter so the bill declared-must expire by limitation. This bill did not get through the House, however, being lost in the rush Telegraph. A telegraph on an improved plan was invented by Jonathan Grant, of Belchertown, Mass., as early as 1799. The inventor set up one of his lines between Boston and Martha's Vineyard, places 90 miles apart, at which distance he asked a question and received an answer in less than ten minutes. Until the perfecting of the electro-magnetic telegraph by Professor Morse in 1844, teleg raphy was carried on by means of contrivances visible to the eye. In 1846 three men conducted the entire telegraph business in the United States from a dingy basement in New York City; in 1904 there were 200,000 miles of poles and cables; 1,155,405 miles of wire; 23,458 offices; 67,909,973 messages handled; $29,249,390 gross receipts; and $21,361,915 expenditures. The latest development is in wireless telegraphy. On Feb. 26, 1905, communication was established between Key West, Florida, and Chicago, and between Key West and a steamer 200 miles east of New York. Telegraph, SUBMARINE. See ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH. Telephone, THE. Chronology of: Robert Hook conveyed sounds to a distance by distended wire.... ...1667 Alexander Graham Bell begins his investigation of electrical transmission and reproduction of articulate speech July, 1874 Bell constructs an electrical telephone, with a diaphragm of gold-beater's skin, which transmits speech........July, 1875 Thomas A. Edison, furnished by William Orton, president of the Western Union Telegraph Company, with a description of Reis's telephone, begins experiments with a view to producing an articulating telephone..... ....July, 1875 Elisha Gray files his caveat for an invention "to transmit the tones of the human voice through a telegraphic circuit." etc.... Feb. 14, 1876 Professor Bell publicly explains his method before the American Academy of Arts and Sciences of Boston May 10, 1876 Bell's telephone exhibited at the Cen- ments, till they ground the 36-inch tele. tennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, Pa. scope for the Lick Observatory, in CaliJune, 1876 fornia, and the son, Alvan G., made the Iron diaphragm first used by Bell 40-inch Yerkes telescope for the observaJune 30, 1876 tory of the University of Chicago, erected Edison's carbon, loud-speaking telephone at Williams Bay, Wis. The movable part invented.... ..January, 1877 of the latter, which turns on the pola Professor Bell exhibits at the Essex axis, weighs about 12 tons, and the Institute, Salem, Mass., his telephone, clock weighs 11⁄2 tons. The refracting using a powerful horseshoe magnet, by telescopes of the Naval Observatory, at which a short speech, shouted into a Washington, 33 feet long, and at the similar telephone in Boston, 16 miles Leander McCormick Observatory, Unidistant, is distinctly audible to an au- versity of Virginia, both made by Alvan dience of 600 persons in Salem Clark & Sons, have a 26-inch aperture. The largest reflecting telescope in United States is at Harvard University, 28-inch mirror. Other notable telescopes are at Princeton University (Clark, 23inch); Rochester, N. Y. (Clark, 16-inch); Madison, Wis. (Clark, 15.5-inch); Dudley, at Albany, N. Y. (Fitz, 13-inch); University of Michigan (Fitz, 12.5-inch) ; and Middletown University (Clark, 12inch). Feb. 12, 1877 First-known telephone line connects the office of Charles Williams, electrician, in Boston, and his house in Somerville April, 1877 April, 1877 Bell telephone patent expires March 7, 1893 Telephone company in opposition to the American Bell Telephone Company organized ... 1901 Statistics: Miles of wire, 2.983.719; circuits, 798,901; stations, 1,525,167; instruments in use under lease, 3.779,517; average daily connections of exchanges, 9.876.402; capital of American Bell Telephone Company, $154,179,300. the Telfair, EDWARD, patriot; born in Scotland in 1735; came to America in 1758 as agent for a mercantile house; resided first in Virginia, then in North Carolina, and finally settled as a merchant in Savannah in 1766. An active patriot there, he was on the revolutionary committees, and was one of a party which broke open the maga zine at Savannah and removed the gunpowder in 1775. He served in the Continental Congress in 1778, 1780-83, and in 1786 and 1790-93 he was governor of Georgia. He died in Savannah, Ga., Sept. 17, 1807. Teller, HENRY MOORE, legislator; born in Granger, N. Y., May 23, 1830; educated at Alfred University, N. Y.; admitted to the bar in 1858; settled in Colorado in 1861; major-general of the Colorado militia in 1862-64; United States Senator in 1876-82; Secretary of the Interior in 1882-85; again a Democratic United States Senator in 1885-91. He was then re-elected to the Senate as a Republican, but in 1896 withdrew from the National Republican Convention on account of its financial policy; and was returned to the Senate in 1897 as an independent Silver Republican. Report of Jan. 1, 1905 Telescope. Telescopes were first constructed in the Netherlands about 1608. In 1853 Alvan Clark, of Cambridgeport, Mass., a comparatively unknown portraitpainter, after having experimented from 1846 in grinding lenses, succeeded in turning out a glass superior to any made Temperance, ORDER OF THE SONS elsewhere in the world. He and his sons OF. See SONS OF TEMPERANCE, Order of went on making large and larger instru THE. ...1865 Temperance Reform. Maurice, the lication house, with headquarters at New landgrave of Hesse, founded an order of York, organized... temperance, Dec. 25, 1600; a total-ab- National Prohibition party organized stinence society existed at Skibbereen, Ire- at Chicago, Ill.......... Sept. 1-2, 1869 land, in 1817; the Sober Society was formed at Allentown, N. J., in 1805, and this was followed by temperance societies organized, one at Moreau, Saratoga co., N. Y., April 30, 1808; another at Greenfield, N. Y., in 1809; and another at Hector, N. Y., April 3, 1818. The Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance was instituted at Boston, Feb. 5, 1813; but temperance reform as an organized movement began Feb. 13, 1826, when the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance was organized at the Park Street Church, Boston, Mass. Drs. Justin Edwards, Woods, Jenks, and Wayland, and Messrs. John Tappan and S. V. S. Wilder were prominent in it. The following is the chronology of the chief events in the temperance movement in America: First women's temperance society organized in Ohio, close of............ 1828 New York State and Connecticut State temperance societies organized......1829 Congressional Temperance Society organized at Washington, D. C... . Feb. 26, 1833 First national temperance convention meets at Philadelphia; 440 delegates from twenty-two States...... May 24-27, 1833 Order of Sons of Temperance organized in New York.. .Sept. 29, 1842 John B. Gough signs the pledge at Worcester, Mass... ..Oct. 31, 1842 Father Mathew visits the United States; arriving in New York on the Ashburton; he is welcomed at the Irving House as the guest of the city...... ....July 2, 1849 Maine liquor law passed..June 2, 1851 Order of Good Templars formed in New York State..... ....1851 Father Mathew sails from Philadelphia on the Pacific for Ireland after an extended tour throughout the United States Nov. 8, 1851 John B. Gough makes a two years' tour of England, delivering his first address in Exeter Hall, London......Aug. 2, 1853 World's temperance convention in Metropolitan Hall, N. Y... Sept. 6-10, 1853 Spirit rations in the navy of the United States abolished after......Sept 1, 1862 National Temperance Society and pub National Prohibition party nominates James Black (Pa.) for President and John Russell (Mich.) for Vice-President, who receive 5,608 popular votes....1872 Blue-ribbon movement begun by Francis Murphy, of Maine.... ..1873 Woman's temperance crusade begins in Hillsboro, O....... .December, 1873 National Woman's Christian Temperance Union organized.. Nov. 18-20, 1874 Women's international temperance congress in Philadelphia, Pa..June 12, 1876 International temperance congress in Philadelphia, Pa........June 13-14, 1876 Department of scientific temperance in public schools created in connection with the Women's Christian Temperance Union ... .1880 World's Christian Temperance Union organized by Frances E. Willard...1883 John B. Gough dies in Philadelphia Feb. 17, 1886 Law for compulsory temperance education in public schools passed by Congress for District of Columbia and the Territories.... ...May 17, 1886 Frances E. Willard, president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, and founder of the World's Christian Temperance Union, dies in New York City Feb. 18, 1898 See PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS for Prohibition candidates, 1880-1904. Temperance Societies. French traders engaged extensively in the sale of intoxicating liquors to the Indians in Canada. The Jesuit missionaries opposed the traffic with all their power, as it was not only injurious to the Indians, but interfered seriously with the labors of the missionaries. The wealthy traders managed to interest the governor-general in their behalf, also the King's counsel, on the pretext that the traffic was necessary to secure the good-will of the Indians. It was asserted that the evils of it were imaginary or much exaggerated. For once, however, philanthropy triumphed over sordid interest. The Bishop of Quebec went to France in 1678, and obtained a royal decree prohibiting the traffic under heavy penalties. |