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slavery, 90 to 84, and inserts the "Thomas
proviso," 134 to 42........March 2, 1820
Maine admitted (the twenty-third State)
by act of Congress approved

March 3, 1820
Congress authorizes the people of Mis-
souri to form a State government
March 6, 1820
Duel between Com. Stephen Decatur and
Com. James Barron at Bladensburg,
Md....
..March 22, 1820
Congress abolishes the sale of public
lands on credit..... ..April 24, 1820

Congress organizes the first committee
on agriculture.....
May 3, 1820
Congress authorizes a loan of $3,000,000
May 15, 1820
First session adjourns....May 15, 1820
Daniel Boone dies at Charrette, Mo.,
aged eighty-five..... Sept. 26, 1820
Spain ratifies her treaty with the
United States, whereby she cedes Florida
Oct. 20, 1820

Second session convenes..Nov. 13, 1820
Henry Clay resigns the speakership;
John W. Taylor of New York elected on
the twenty-second ballot by a majority
of one....
.Nov. 14, 1820

Presidential election held. Nov. 14, 1820 Missouri, in her constitution, requires her legislature to prohibit free colored persons from settling in the State. The Senate adds a proviso that nothing contained in the constitution shall be construed as conflicting with that clause in the Constitution of the United States which declares "the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privi leges and immunities of citizens in the several States." The bill admitting Missouri, with her constitution as amended, passes the Senate, 26 to 18..Dec. 11, 1820

Dec. 7, 1819 Alabama admitted (the twenty-second State).... .....Dec. 14, 1819 Bill for the admission of Maine passes the House.... ....Jan. 3, 1820 Senate adds to the bill admitting Maine a clause for the admission of Missouri and an amendment proposed by Senator Thomas, Illinois, prohibiting the introduction of slaves into Louisiana north of the Arkansas boundary, 36° 30′, except in Missouri. Thomas proviso passes the Senate, 30 to 10, and the bill as amended passes the Senate, 24 to 20........ Feb. 18, 1820 House rejects the amendments; Senate Electoral votes counted.. Feb. 14, 1821 asks for a committee of conference; House House not agreeing with the Senate, passes Missouri bill with a clause prohibit- Feb. 22, on the Missouri bill, Henry ing the further introduction of slaves, 93 Clay, of Kentucky, moves a committee to to 84...... .... Feb. 29, 1820 act with a committee of the Senate "to Senate returns the Missouri bill to consider whether it is expedient to admit the House with slavery clause struck out Missouri into the Union, and for the due and Senator Thomas's territorial pro- execution of the laws of the United States, viso inserted........ ....March 2, 1820 and if not, whether any other or what Committee of conference advises the Sen- provision should be made." The joint ate to recede from its amendment to the committee consists of seven Senators and Maine bill, and the House to pass the twenty-three Representatives. Clay reSenate Missouri bill; House strikes out ports a joint resolution from the comfrom the Missouri bill the prohibition of mittee...

... Feb. 26, 1821

Passes the House, 87 to 81

Feb. 26, 1821 Senate concurs, 26 to 15. . Feb. 27, 1821 Resolution passed by Congress admitting Missouri into the Union (the twentyfourth State) approved....March 2, 1821 Congress authorizes a loan of $5,000,000.... .....March 3, 1821 Sixteenth Congress adjourns

by a voyage to the north, and that Captain Symmes be intrusted with the conduct of the expedition......Jan. 27, 1823 Stephen F. Austin obtains from Mexico a grant of land in Texas for colonization February, 1823

Seventeenth Congress adjourns

March 3, 1823 Eighteenth Congress, first session, con..Dec. 1, 1823 President Monroe, in his message, proclaims the "Monroe Doctrine "

March 3, 1821 venes..

NINTH ADMINISTRATION-DEMOCRATICREPUBLICAN, March 5, 1821, to March 3, 1825.

James Monroe, Virginia, President. Daniel D. Tompkins, New York, VicePresident.

President appoints Gen. Andrew Jack son governor of Florida...... April, 1821 General Jackson takes possession of Florida.... .....July 1, 1821 President Monroe proclaims the admission of Missouri as the twenty-fourth State.... ..Aug. 10, 1821 Seventeenth Congress, first session, con.....Dec. 3, 1821 Thomas H. Benton enters the Senate from Missouri.. ..Dec. 6, 1821 William Pinkney, of Maryland, dies, aged fifty-eight.. .Feb. 25, 1822 Apportionment bill passed

venes.....

March 1, 1822 President, by message, recommends the recognition of the independence of the South American states and Mexico

March 8, 1822 Bankrupt bill defeated in the House by a vote of 72 to 99........March 12, 1822 Resolution recognizing the independence of the American provinces of Spain passed by the House, 167 to 1..March 28, 1822 [Mr. Garnett, of Virginia, voted against the measure.]

Territorial government established in Florida...... ....March 30, 1822

President vetoes an appropriation of $9.000 for preserving and repairing the Cumberland Road.......... May 4, 1822 President submits to Congress his objection to national appropriations for internal improvements..... May 4, 1822 First session adjourns. May 8, 1822 Second session convenes....Dec. 2, 1822 A petition to Congress asks that Capt. John Cleves Symmes's theory be verified

Dec. 2, 1823

A resolution authorizing an embassy to Greece offered in the House by Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts....Dec. 8, 1823

[This resolution was defeated Jan. 26, 1824, although ably supported by Clay, Webster, and others. John Randolph opposed it in speeches full of sense and sar. casm.]

Tariff (protective) bill brought before the House... .Jan. 9, 1824 [Clay and Buchanan supported the bill, while Webster opposed it.]

Congress by resolution offers the Marquis de Lafayette a ship to bring him to the United States, approved. . Feb. 4, 1824 Act to survey routes for canals and roads . February, 1824 Ninian Edwards presents an address to the House bringing charges against Secretary Crawford. This is known as the A. B. Plot..... .April 19, 1824 Tariff bill approved....... May 22, 1824 [37 per cent. was the average rate of duty.]

Report of committee exonerating Secretary Crawford from the charges of Mr. Edwards ...May 25, 1824 First session adjourns... May 27, 1824 Lafayette, with his son, arrives at New York.... ..Aug. 15, 1824 Tenth Presidential election

Nov. 9, 1824 Second session convenes.... Dec. 6, 1824 Lafayette welcomed to the House of Representatives, in an address by the speaker, Mr. Clay...........Dec. 10, 1824

Congress (the House by 166 to 26, the Senate unanimously) votes to Lafayette $200,000 and a township of land in any part of the United States he might select that is now unoccupied. . Dec. 22, 1824 Treaty with Russia ratified Jan. 11,

1825

Electoral votes counted....Feb. 9, 1825 Treaty with the Creek Indians, termed the "Indian Spring Treaty"

[Establishing the boundary-line be- president pro tem. of the Senate, dies at tween the United States and Russia at Washington... ....Feb. 26, 1826 54° 40' N. lat.] South American states call a general congress, to meet at Panama in June, 1826, and to consider the rights of those states, and invites delegates from the United States. Congress appropriates $40,000, and appoints Richard C. Anderson, minister to Colombia, and John Sargeant, of Philadelphia, delegates

Feb. 12, 1825 [This treaty was signed by their chief McIntosh, and provided for the cession of all the Creek territory in Georgia and several million acres in Alabama for $400,000. The Indians repudiated the cession and killed McIntosh, about April 30.]

An act appropriating $150,000 to extend the Cumberland road from Canton, on the Ohio, opposite Wheeling, to Zanesville, O., approved........March 3, 1825 An act of Congress for strengthening the laws of the United States approved March 3, 1825 Eighteenth Congress adjourns

March 14, 1826
During the debate on the "Panama con-
gress
" in the Senate, John Randolph
refers to the coalition of Adams and Clay
as that of the "Puritan and the black-
leg." A duel followed between Clay and
Randolph......
..April 8, 1826

First session adjourns.... May 22, 1826
John Adams, born in Braintree, Mass.,
Oct. 19, 1735, and Thomas Jefferson, born
in Monticello, Va., April 2, 1743, die on
March 3, 1825 the fiftieth anniversary of American inde
pendence....
..July 4, 1826
Abduction of William Morgan from
Canandaigua, N. Y......... Sept. 12, 1826

TENTH ADMINISTRATION-DEMOCRATICREPUBLICAN (coalition), March 4, 1825, to March 3, 1829.

John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts,

President.

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[Gave rise to a political party-the anti-Masonic-that became national in im

portance, though short-lived.]

Convention with Great Britain concerning indemnities for the War of 1812-14 Nov. 13, 1826

Second session convenes...Dec. 4, 1826 Congress makes an appropriation for the payment of Revolutionary and other pensions... ...Jan. 29, 1827 Nineteenth Congress adjourns

March 3, 1827 General Gaines ordered into the Creek Indian country.....

...1827 Protectionists hold a convention at Harrisburg, Pa., and demand a higher tariff.... .....July 30, 1827 United States and Great Britain by treaty agree to extend or renew the commercial agreements of 1818, and the Oregon boundary to continue indefinitely

Lafayette leaves Washington for France in the new frigate Brandywine, furnished him by the government.... Sept. 7, 1825 Mordecai M. Noah selects Grand Island, in the Niagara River, as a site for a city of refuge for the Jews, to be called Ararat Sept. 17, 1825 Com. David Porter, while cruising, lands a force at Porto Rico and exacts an apology for an insult to the American flag. He is recalled and suspended for six months.. ....1825 Erie Canal finished. .Oct. 26, 1825 First railroad in the United States, runNineteenth Congress, first session, con- ning from Quincy, Mass., to the Neponset .Dec. 5, 1825 River, 3 miles, commenced 1826; com. Dispute between the State of Georgia pleted (operated by horse-power)...1827 and the United States upon the removal Boundary differences between the Unitof the Creek Indians.... ..1825-29 ed States and the British possessions to John Gaillard, United States Senator be referred to an arbiter....Sept. 29, 1827 from South Carolina from 1804 to 1826, Twentieth Congress, first session, conand from April 14, 1814, to March 9, 1825, venes..

venes....

Aug. 6, 1827

..Dec. 3, 1827

By another treaty Creek Indians cede their remaining lands in Georgia for $47,491. Ratified..... ......January, 1828 Maj. Gen. Jacob Brown dies at Washington..... . Feb. 24, 1828 Debate on the tariff bill begun in the House .March 4, 1828 Debate in the Senate... May 5-14, 1828 Tariff bill passed by the House

May 15, 1828 Approved; known as the "Tariff of Abominations". .....May 19, 1828

Congress by resolution grants Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, only surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, the franking privilege......May 23, 1828 First session adjourns....May 26, 1828 Second railroad in the United States, from Mauch Chunk, Pa., to the Lehigh River, 9 miles, commenced 1827, and finished .1828

Eleventh Presidential election

Nov. 11, 1828 Second session convenes....Dec. 1, 1828 Electoral votes counted in the House Feb. 11, 1829

Twentieth Congress adjourns

March 3, 1829 ELEVENTH ADMINISTRATION DEMOCRATIC, March 4, 1829, to March 3, 1833. Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, President. John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, VicePresident.

John Jay, statesman, dies at Bedford, N. Y.... . May 19, 1829 James L. M. Smithson, founder of the Smithsonian Institution, dies in Genoa, Italy...... ...June 27, 1829 "Stourbridge Lion," the first locomotive run in the United States, is purchased in England and arrives in New York in June, 1829; shipped to Carbondale, and tried on the track at Honesdale...Aug. 8, 1829 William Lloyd Garrison publishes the Genius at Baltimore, Md., advocating immediate emancipation.... ....1829 Twenty-first Congress, first session, .Dec. 7, 1829 Robert Y. Hayne's (South Carolina) great speech in defence of State rights in the Senate on the Foote resolution," limiting the sale of public lands

convenes..

66

Bill before the House for a national road from Buffalo, N. Y., to New Orleans, La., via Washington..... .......March 23, 1830 Treaty with Denmark; indemnity claims March 28, 1830

President Jackson at a public dinner in Washington on Jefferson's birthday gives this toast, "Our Federal Union, it must be preserved." Vice-President Calhoun responded: "Liberty dearer than Union" April 13, 1830

Bill for a national road from Buffalo, N. Y., to New Orleans, La., rejected in House by 88 to 105.... .. April 14, 1830 Treaty with the Ottoman empire

.......

May 7, 1830 Final rupture between Jackson and Calhoun..... .May, 1830 Duties on coffee, tea, and cocoa reduced.... .May 20, 1830 President vetoes the Mayville and Lexington, Ky., road bill.......May 27, 1830 Massachusetts obtains from the United States $430,748.26 for services of her militia, 1812-14... May 31, 1830 First session adjourns.... May 31, 1830 John Randolph sails as minister to Russia .June, 1830 Anti-Mason party hold the first national convention in the United States at Philadelphia, Pa., Francis Granger, of New York, presiding.......... September, 1830

Second session convenes.... Dec. 6, 1830 Senate rejects the award of the King of the Netherlands as arbitrator of the boundary between Maine and Great Britain

Jan. 10, 1831

First locomotive built in the United States, "The Best Friend," at the West Point foundry shops in New York City; first trip on the South Carolina Railroad

Jan. 15, 1831

Twenty-first Congress adjourns

March 3, 1831 John H. Eaton, Secretary of War, resigns... .April 7, 1831 Martin Van Buren, Secretary of State, resigns...... .. April 7, 1831 Ex-President James Monroe dies in New York, aged seventy-three....July 4, 1831 Negro insurrection led by Nat Turner, in Southampton county...... August, 1831 President Jackson reforms his cabinet

Jan. 25, 1830 Daniel Webster's reply defending the Constitution. .Jan. 26-27, 1830

1831

Anti-Masonic party hold a national convention at Baltimore, Md., and nominate

William Wirt, of Virginia, for President, olutionary soldier, dies and Amos Ellmaker, of Pennsylvania, for S. C., aged ninety-eight Vice-President; number of delegates, 112

Sept. 26, 1831 Free trade convention held at Philadelphia.... .Oct. 5, 1831 High tariff convention held at New York Oct. 26, 1831 Copyright law radically amended, making the term twenty-eight years instead of fourteen, with renewal of fourteen years more, and wife and children of author, in case of his death, entitled to a renewal 1831 William Lloyd Garrison begins the publication of the Liberator at Boston..1831 Twenty-second Congress, first session, ...Dec. 5, 1831 National Republican party hold a national convention at Baltimore, Md., and nominate Henry Clay, of Kentucky, for President, and John Sergeant, of Pennsylvania, for Vice-President; number of delegates, 155. ...Dec. 12, 1831

convenes...

[This party advocated higher tariff and internal improvements.]

Memorial for the renewal of the charter of the National Bank presented to Congress.. ...Jan. 9, 1832 William L. Marcy, of New York, while urging the Senate to confirm Martin Van Buren as minister to England, says, "They see nothing wrong in the rule that to the victors belong the spoils of the enemy

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Jan. 25, 1832

near Camden,

June 1, 1832 Bill rechartering the National Bank passes the Senate, 28 to 20..June 11, 1832 And the House, 107 to 85..July 3, 1832 Commissioner of Indian affairs first appointed..... ....July 9, 1832 President vetoes the bank bill

July 10, 1832 Senate fails to pass the bank charter over the President's veto....July 13, 1832 Source of the Mississippi discovered by an exploring party under Henry R. Schoolcraft..... ..July 13, 1832

Partial repeal of the tariff measures of 1828.... .July 14, 1832 First session adjourns....July 16, 1832 Cholera first appears in the United States ...1832 Treaty with the two Sicilies, indemnity.... ...Oct. 14, 1832 Presidential election.... .Nov. 13, 1832 Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Md., last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, dies at Baltimore, aged ninetyfive...... ...Nov. 14, 1832 Convention is held at Columbus, S. C., which by ordinance declares the tariff acts of 1828 and 1832 null and void

"

Nov. 19, 1832 [The term "nullification was borrowed from the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798.]

Second session convenes....Dec. 3, 1832
President Jackson issues a proclamation

Henry Clay advocates the "American
system" of protection in the Senate, sup- to the people of South Carolina
ported by the Senators from Delaware,
Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island

January-February, 1832 Democratic (first so-called) National Convention meets in Baltimore

May 21, 1832 [Nominated Jackson for President, and Martin Van Buren, of New York, for VicePresident, he having been rejected as minister to England in the Senate by the vote of Vice-President Calhoun. In this convention it was resolved "that twothirds of the whole number of votes in the convention shall be necessary to constitute a choice." This was the origin of the famous two-thirds rule.]

Black Hawk War....May-August, 1832
Gen. Thomas Sumter, distinguished Rev-

Dec. 10, 1832 John C. Calhoun, Vice-President, re signs.... ...Dec. 28, 1832 President Jackson, by message, informs Congress of the proceedings of South Carolina, and asks power to enforce the collection of the revenue......... .Jan. 16, 1833

John C. Calhoun, now a Senator from South Carolina, introduces resolutions: that the theory that the people of the United States are now or ever have been united in one nation is erroneous, false in history and reason........Jan. 22, 1833

Henry Clay introduces the "compromise tariff" in the Senate as a solution of all pending troubles between the manufacturing States and the South

Feb. 12, 1833 Electoral votes counted.... Feb. 13, 1833

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