sent to blow up the Tripolitan vessels in personal friend and the private secretary the harbor, exploded prematurely, appar- of President Jackson. He died in Alexently, and destroyed all of the Ameri- andria, Va., Feb. 11, 1874.

cans in charge of it (see INTREPID, THE). Trollope, FRANCES MILTON, author; The stormy season approaching, Preble born in Heckfield, Hampshire, England, withdrew from the dangerous Barbary about 1780; came to the United States coast, leaving a small force to blockade and settled in Cincinnati, O., in 1829. She the harbor of Tripoli. Com. Samuel Bar- returned to England in 1831, and publishron was sent to relieve Preble, who, with ed Domestic Manners of the Americans. a large squadron, overawed the Moors She died in Florence, Italy, Oct. 6, 1863. and kept up the blockade.

Troup, ROBERT, military officer; born Meanwhile a movement under Capt. in New York City in 1757; graduated at William Eaton, American consul at Tunis, King's College in 1774; studied law under soon brought the war to a close. He John Jay; and joined the army on Long joined Hamet Caramelli, the rightful Island as lieutenant in the summer of Bey of Tunis, in an effort to recover his 1776. He became aide to General Woodrights. Hamet had taken refuge with hull; was taken prisoner at the battle of the Viceroy of Egypt. There Eaton join- Long Island; and was for some time in ed him with a few troops composed of the prison-ship Jersey and the provost jail men of all nations, and, marching west- at New York. Exchanged in the spring of ward across Northern Africa 1,000 miles, 1777, he joined the Northern army, and with transportation consisting of 190 participated in the capture of Burgoyne. camels, on April 27, 1805, captured the In 1778 he was secretary of the board of Tripolitan seaport town of Derne. They war. After the war he was made judge fought their way successfully towards of the United States district court of the capital, their followers continually in New York, holding that office several creasing, when, to the mortification of years. Colonel Troup was the warm perEaton and the extinguishment of the hopes sonal and political friend of Alexander of Caramelli, they found that Tobias Lear, Hamilton. He died in New York City, the American consul-general, had made a treaty of peace (June 4, 1805) with the terrified ruler of Tripoli. So ended the war. The ruler of Tunis was yet insolent, but his pride was suddenly humbled by the appearance of a squadron of thirteen vessels under Commodore Rodgers, who succeeded Barron, and he sent an ambassador to the United States. The Barbary States now all feared the power of the Americans, and commerce in the Mediterranean Sea During the War; Semi-Tropical Caliwas relieved of great peril. Pope Pius VII. declared that the Americans had done more for Christendom against the North African pirates than all the powers of Europe united.

Trist, NICHOLAS PHILIP, diplomatist; born in Charlottesville, Va., June 2, 1800; educated at West Point, where he was acting professor in 1819-20. In 1845 he was chief clerk of the State Department, and was United States commissioner with the army under General Scott in Mexico authorized to treat for peace, which he accomplished at Guadalupe - Hidalgo in January, 1848. He was afterwards United States consul at Havana. He was a

Jan. 14, 1832.

Truman, BENJAMIN CUMMINGS, journalist; born in Providence, R. I., Oct. 25, 1835; received a public school education; was a compositor and proof-reader on the New York Times in 1854-60; served in the Civil War as staff-officer; has been on government missions to China, Japan, Hawaii, Alaska, and several times to Europe. He is the author of The South

fornia; From the Crescent City to the Golden Gate; The Field of Honor; History of the World's Fair in Chicago, etc.

Trumbull, BENJAMIN, historian; born in Hebron, Conn., Dec. 19, 1735; graduated at Yale College in 1759, and studied theology under Rev. Eleazer Wheelock; pastor in North Haven for nearly sixty years. His publications include General History of the United States of America; Complete History of Connecticut from 1630 till 1713 (2 volumes). He died in North Haven, Conn., Feb. 2, 1820.

Trumbull, JAMES HAMMOND, philologist; born in Stonington, Conn., Dec. 20, 1821; educated at Yale College; settled

in Hartford in 1847, and held political vard College in 1773. Having made an ac offices till 1864; librarian of the Watkin- curate sketch of the works around Boston son library of reference in Hartford in 1863-91. He was the author of The Colonial Records of Connecticut (3 volumes); Historical Notes on Some Provisions of the Connecticut Statutes; The Defence of Stonington against a British Squadron, August, 1814; Historical Notes on the Constitution of Connecticut; Notes on Forty Algonquin Versions of the Lord's Prayer; The Blue Laws of Connecticut and the False Blue Laws invented by the Rev. Samuel Peters; Indian Names of Places in and on the Borders of the Connecticut, with Interpretations, etc. He died in Hartford, Conn., Aug. 5, 1897.

in 1775, he attracted the attention of Washington, who, in August of that year, made him one of his aides-de-camp. He became a major of brigade, and in 1776 deputy adjutant-general of the Northern Department, with the rank of colonel. In February, 1777, he retired from the army, and went to London to study painting under West. On the execution of Major André (October, 1780), he was seized and cast into prison, where he remained eight months. In 1786 he painted his Battle of Bunker Hill. From 1789 to 1793 he was in the United States, painting portraits for his historical pictures (now in the Trumbull, JOHN, poet; born in West- rotunda of the national Capitol) - The bury (since Watertown), Conn., April 24, Declaration of Independence; The Surren1750; graduated at Yale College in 1767, der of Burgoyne; The Surrender of Cornhaving been admitted to the college at wallis; and the Resignation of Washingthe age of seven years, such was his pre- ton at Annapolis. In 1794 Trumbull cocity in acquiring learning; but he did was secretary to Jay's mission to Lonnot reside there until 1763, on account of don, and was appointed a commissioner delicate health. In 1773 he was admit

ted to the bar, having been two years a tutor in Yale College. During that time he wrote his first considerable poem, The Progress of Dulness. He was a warm and active patriot. In 1775 the first canto of his famous poem, McFingal, was published in Philadelphia. The whole work, in four cantos, was published in Hartford in 1782. It is a burlesque epic, in the style of Hudibras, directed against the Tories and other enemies of liberty in America. This famous poem has passed through many editions. After the war, Trumbull, with Humphreys, Barlow, and Lemuel Hopkins, wrote a series of poetic essays entitled American Antiquities, pretended extracts from a poem which they styled The Anarchiad. It was designed to check the spirit of anarchy then prevailing in the feeble Union. From 1789 to 1795 Mr. Trumbull was State attorney for Hartford; and in 1792 and 1800 he was a member of the legislature. He was a judge of the Supreme Court for eighteen years (1801-19), and judge of the court of errors in 1808. In 1825 he removed to Detroit, Mich., where he died, May 10, 1831.

(1796) to carry the treaty into execution. He returned to the United States in 1804, and went back to England in 1808, when everything American was so unpopular that he found little employment. He came Trumbull, JOHN, artist; born in Leba- back, settled in New York, and assisted non, Conn., June 6, 1756; son of Gov. in founding the Academy of Fine Arts Jonathan Trumbull; graduated at Har- there, of which he was president in 1816

25. Mr. Trumbull painted a large number of pictures of events in American his tory. In consideration of receiving from Yale College $1,000 a year during his life, Colonel Trumbull presented to that institution fifty-seven of his pictures, which form the "Trumbull Gallery" there. The profits of the exhibition, after his death, were to be applied towards the education of needy students. He died in New York City, Nov. 10, 1843.

Trumbull, JONATHAN, patriot; born in Lebanon, Conn., Oct. 12, 1710; graduated at Harvard College in 1727; preached a few years; studied law; and became

THE TRUMBULL HOUSE, 1850.

On one occasion, at a council of war, when there seemed to be no way to make provision against an expected attack of the enemy, the commander-in-chief said, "We must consult Brother Jonathan on the subject." He did so, and the governor was successful in supplying many of the wants of the army. When the army was afterwards spread over the country and difficulties arose, it was a common saying among the officers, as a by-word, "We must consult Brother Jonathan." The origin of these words were soon lost sight

a member of Assembly at the age of twenty-three. He was chosen lieutenant-governor in 1766, and became ex-officio chiefjustice of the Superior Court. In 1768 he boldly refused to take the oath enjoined on officers of the crown, and in 1769 he was chosen governor. He was the only conlonial governor who espoused the cause of the people in their struggle for justice and freedom. In the absence in Congress of the Adamses and Hancock from New England, Trumbull was considered the Whig leader in that region, and Washington always placed implicit reliance upon his patriotism and energy for support. When Washington took Trumbull, JONATHAN, legislator; born command of the Continental army at Cam- in Lebanon, Conn., March 26, 1740; son bridge, he found it in want of ammuni- of Governor Trumbull; graduated at Har

of, and
66 Brother Jonathan became the
title of our nationality, like that of " John
Bull" of England. He died in Lebanon,
Conn., Aug. 17, 1785.

vard College in 1759. When the Revolu- 1872, and joined the Populists in 1894. tionary War broke out, he was an active He died in Chicago, Ill., June 25, 1896. member of the Connecticut Assembly, and Trust, a combination of manufacturers its speaker. From 1775 to 1778 he was or business corporations who pool their paymaster of the Northern army; and in interests, accepting in lieu thereof stock 1780 he was secretary and first aide to in the trust. Trusts claim that business Washington, remaining in the military can be conducted more cheaply this way, family of the commander-in-chief until the and that people are therefore benefited. close of the war. He was a member of On the other hand, it is claimed that Congress from 1789 to 1795; speaker from trusts ruin business by driving out compe1791 to 1795; United States Senator in tition. A small dealer who refuses to 1795-96; lieutenant-governor of Connecti- join the trust finds the trust selling his cut in 1796; and governor from 1797 until line of goods in his neighborhood at prices his death in Lebanon, Aug. 7, 1809.

below cost. Legislatures of various Trumbull, JONATHAN, librarian; born States have tried to devise a law that in Norwich, Conn., Jan. 23, 1844; re- will protect the rights of the capitalists ceived an academic education; member of in the trusts and also the rights of small the Connecticut Historical Society; presi- dealers. The Standard Oil Company was dent of the Connecticut Society of the the first of the great trusts. The attempts Sons of the American Revolution. He is of the sugar trust to influence legislation the author of The Lebanon War Office; at Washington gave rise to a national The Defamation of Revolutionary Pa- scandal in 1894, when each Senator was triots: a Vindication of General Israel asked to make a declaration whether he Putnam; Joseph Trumbull, First Com- had dealt in sugar stock during the tariff missary-General of the Continental Army; debate. The greatest of all combinations The Share of Connecticut in the Revolu- was organized as the United States Steel tion, etc. Corporation, in March, 1901, with $1,100,Trumbull, JOSEPH, military officer; 000,000 capital. On March 10, 1902, the born in Lebanon, Conn., March 11, 1737; United States Supreme Court decided the another son of Governor Trumbull; gradu- Illinois anti-trust law to be unconstitu ated at Harvard College in 1756; was tional. Similar laws in Georgia, Indiana, made commissary general of the Conti- Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Monnental army in July, 1775. In November, tana, Nebraska, North Carolina, South 1777, he was made a commissioner of Dakota, Tennessee, Texas. and Wisconsin the board of war, which office he resigned were affected by this decision. The seven in April, 1778, on account of ill-health. great industrial trusts and 311 smaller He died in Lebanon, Conn., July 23, 1778. trusts, none having a capital of less than Trumbull, LYMAN, legislator; born in $2,000,000, had 5,288 plants in 1905, with Colchester, Conn., Oct. 12, 1813; taught a total capital of $7.246.342,533. when sixteen years of age; studied law at the Academy of Georgia, and was admitted to the bar in 1837; removed to Belleville, Ill.; was secretary of state in 1841; a justice of the State Supreme Court in 1848; Democratic member of the State legis lature in 1854; and elected a United States Senator in 1855, 1861, and in 1867, serving for eighteen years. He abandoned the Democratic party on account of his opposition to the extension of slavery, and labored with the anti-slavery workers. He voted against the impeachment of PresiJent Johnson and afterwards acted with the Democratic party, and was its candidate for governor of Illinois in 1880. He supported Horace Greeley for President in IX.-I

120

The

111 franchise trusts and 16 railroad and allied trusts were capitalized at $13,132,819,978. The total capitalization of all United States trusts is $23,000,000,000.

Truxtun, THOMAS, naval officer; born in Jamaica, L. I., Feb. 17, 1755; went to sea when he was twelve years of age, and for a short time was impressed on board a British man-of-war. Lieutenant of the privateer Congress in 1776, he brought one of her prizes to New Bedford; and in June, 1777, commanding the Independence, owned by himself and ISAAC SEARS (q. v.), he captured three valuable prizes off the Azores. Truxtun performed other brave exploits during the Revolutionary War, and was afterwards extensively engaged in

the East India trade in Philadelphia. In modore on the Guadeloupe Station, with 1794 he was appointed captain of the new ten sail under his command at one time. frigate Constellation, and in 1798-99 he In 1802 he was appointed to command an made two notable captures of French expedition against Tripoli, was denied a vessels of superior size-L'In