erties as may have been confiscated; and may be therein; and shall also order and that Congress shall also earnestly recom- And it is agreed that all persons who have any interest in confiscated lands, either by debts, marriage settlements, or otherwise, shall meet with no lawful impediment in the prosecution of their just rights. Art. 6. That there shall be no future confiscations made, nor any prosecutions commenced against any person or persons, for or by reason of the part which he or they may have taken in the present war; and that no person shall on that account suffer any future loss or damage either in his person, liberty, or property; and that those who may be in confinement on such charges, at the time of the ratification of the treaty in America, shall be immediately set at liberty, and the prosecutions so commenced be discontinued. a firm and Art. 7. There shall be perpetual peace between his Britannic Majesty and the said United States, and between the subjects of the one and the citizens of the other; wherefore all hostilities, both by sea and land, shall from henceforth cease; all prisoners, on both sides, shall be set at liberty; and his Britannic Majesty shall with all convenient speed, and without causing any destruction, or carrying away any negroes or other property of the American inhabitants, withdraw all his armies, garrisons, and fleets from the said United States, and from every post, place, and harbor within the same, leaving in all fortifications the American artillery that cause all archives, records, deeds, and papers belonging to any of the said States, or their citizens, which in the course of the war may have fallen into the hands of his officers, to be forthwith restored, and delivered to the proper States and persons to whom they belong. Art. 8. The navigation of the river to Mississippi, from its source to the ocean, shall forever remain free and open the subjects of Great Britain and the citizens of the United States. Art. 9. In case it should so happen that any place or territory belonging to Great Britain or to the United States should have been conquered by the arms of either from the other, before the arrival of the said provisional articles in America, it is agreed that the same shall be restored without difficulty and without requiring any compensation. Art. 10. The solemn ratifications of the present treaty, expedited in good and due form, shall be exchanged between the contracting parties in the space of six months, or sooner, if possible, to be computed from the day of the signature of the present treaty. In witness whereof, we, the undersigned, their ministers plenipotentiary, have in their name, and in virtue of our full powers, signed with our hands the present definitive treaty, and caused the seals of our arms to be affixed thereto. Done at Paris, this third day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three. DAVID HARTLEY, For some years the British government omitted to execute the provisions of the treaty of peace with the United States Gouverconcerning the delivering up of the forts the northeastern frontier. on neur Morris was directed by Washington to go to England from Paris (1791) to sound the British ministry on the subject of a full and immediate execution of the treaty. He remained there about nine months, endeavoring to obtain a positive answer to the questions, Will you execute the treaty? Will you make a treaty of 108 Commerce with the United States? The New England fishermen a valuable right, British came to the conclusion that hitherto used from the earliest time, that the new national government contain- of catching and curing fish on the shores ed vastly more vitality than the league of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It was of States, and could enforce its wishes agreed that both parties should use their with energy; so in August, 1791, George best endeavors to suppress the African Hammond was sent as full minister to slave-trade. Hostilities on land were to the United States. But the treaty of 1783 terminate with the ratification of the was not fully executed until after that of treaty of peace, and on the ocean at speciJay was negotiated and ratified. See JAY, fied periods, according to distance, the JOHN. longest being four months. It did not secure to the Americans what they went to war for-namely, immunity from search and impressment. In 1814 the British government rejected the mediation of the Empress of Russia in bringing about a peace with the United States, but finally offered to The treaty was ratified Dec. 28, 1814, treat directly with the United States. by the Prince Regent, and then sent to The ancient city of Ghent, in Belgium, the United States in the British sloop-ofwas selected, and there the commission- war Favorite. She arrived in New York ers of the two governments met in on Feb. 11, 1815. Mr. Hughes, principal the summer of 1814. The American com- secretary to the American commissioners, missioners were John Quincy Adams, left Ghent with a copy of the treaty at James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan the same time, sailed for the Chesapeake Russell, and Albert Gallatin. The Brit- from the Texel in the schooner Transit, ish commissioners were Lord Gambier, landed at Annapolis two days after the Henry Goulburn, and William Adams. Favorite reached New York, and put his These joined the American commission- copy of the treaty into the hands of ers at Ghent, Aug. 6, 1814. Christo President Madison before the ratified copy pher Hughes, Jr., the American chargé arrived there. The treaty of peace spread d'affaires at Stockholm, was appoint- joy over the land, because it assured ed secretary to the American com- peace; but when its contents were known, missioners. Negotiations were speedily and that immunity from search or imopened, when a wide difference of views pressment had not been secured, it was appeared, which at first threatened the severely criticised. The opposition pointmost formidable obstructions to an agree- ed to it exultingly as proof of the wisdom ment. The discussions continued several of their prophecies, the patriotism of their months, and a conclusion was reached by course in opposing the war, and the truth a mutual agreement to a treaty on Dec. of their declaration that the "war was a 24, 1814, when it was signed by the re- failure." The English people, too, indulged spective commissioners. It provided for in strong condemnation of the treaty, bethe mutual restoration of all conquered cause it made concessions to the Ameriterritory, and for three commissions-one cans. to settle the titles to islands in Passama- The effect of the treaty upon financial quoddy Bay, another to mark out the matters was very marked. Six-per-cents northeastern boundary of the United rose, in twenty-four hours, from 76 to States as far as the St. Lawrence, and a 86, and treasury notes from 92 to 98. third to run the line through the St. Law- Coin, which was 22 per cent. premium, rence and the Lakes to the Lake of the fell to 2 per cent. in forty-eight hours. Woods. In case of disagreement in either The effect on commerce was equally great. commission, the point in dispute was to Within forty-eight hours sugar fell be referred to some friendly power. No from $26 per cwt. to $12.50; tea, from provision was made as to the boundary $2.25 per pound to $1; tin, from $80 a west of the Lake of the Woods, nor as to box to $25. In England medals were the fisheries on the shores of British struck in commemoration of the event. America. It took away from the British See ALASKA; CLAYTON-BULWER TREATY; a normal right (never used), that of PANAMA CANAL; WASHINGTON, TREATY navigating the Mississippi; and from the OF. Treaties, FRANCO-AMERICAN. In Sep- with that power in goods contraband of tember, 1776, the Continental Congress, war. The commissioners sent to negotiate after weeks of deliberation, adopted an the treaty were authorized to promise elaborate plan of a treaty to be proposed that, in case France should become into France. They wanted France to engage volved in the war, neither party should in a separate war with Great Britain, and make a definitive treaty of peace without so give the Americans an opportunity for six months' notice to the other. establishing their independence. They re- Franklin, Deane, and Lee were United nounced in favor of France all eventual States commissioners at the French Court conquests in the West Indies, but claimed at the close of 1775. The Continental Conthe sole right of acquiring British Con- gress had elaborated a plan of a treaty tinental America, and all adjacent is with France, by which it was hoped the ands, including the Bermudas, Cape Bre- States might secure their independence. ton and Newfoundland. They proposed The commissioners were instructed to press arrangements concerning the fisheries; for an immediate declaration of the French avowed the principle of Frederick the government in favor of the Americans. Great that free ships made free goods, Knowing the desire of the French to widen and that a neutral power may lawfully the breach and cause a dismemberment of trade with a belligerent. Privateering the British Empire, the commissioners was to be restricted, not abolished; and while the Americans were not willing to make common cause with the French, they were willing to agree not to assist Great Britain in the war on France, nor trade were to intimate that a reunion of the colonies with Great Britain might be the consequence of delay. But France was then unwilling to incur the risk of war with Great Britain. When the defeat of Burgoyne was made known at Versailles, tions between the English and the Six assured thereby that the Americans could Nations, the Delawares, Shawnees, and help themselves, the French Court were Mohegans were critical, for the Indians ready to treat for an alliance with them. especially the Delawares, had become The presence of an agent of the British greatly incensed against the white people ministry in Paris, on social terms with the of Pennsylvania. The Quakers of that American commissioners, hastened the State had espoused the cause of the Indnegotiations, and, on Feb. 6, 1778, two ians and formed an association for setreaties were secretly signed at Paris by curing justice for them, and friendship the American commissioners and the between them and the white people. They Count de Vergennes on the part of France. held two conferences at Easton with the One was a commercial agreement, the Indians, and Sir William Johnson comother an alliance contingent on the break- plained that the Quakers had intruded ing out of hostilities between France and upon his office. Finally, in July, 1756, Great Britain. It was stipulated in the a conference was held between the Delatreaty of alliance that peace should not wares, Shawnees, Mohegans, the Six Nabe made until the mercantile and political tions, and Governor Denny and his counindependence of the United States should cil, and George Croghan, an Indian trader. be secured. The conciliatory bills of Lord At the suggestion of the Quakers, TEEDYNorth made the French monarch anxious, USCUNG (q. v.) invited Charles Thomson, for a reconciliation between Great Britain master of the Quaker Academy in Philaand her colonies would thwart his scheme delphia, and afterwards permanent secrefor prolonging the war and dismembering tary of the Continental Congress, to act as the British Empire; and he caused the his secretary. Denny and Croghan opsecret treaties to be officially communi- posed it; Teedyuscung persisted in havcated to the British government, in language so intentionally offensive that the anonuncement was regarded as tantamount to a declaration of war, and the British ambassador at the French Court was withdrawn. ing Thomson make minutes of the proceedings, so that garbled and false reports of interested men might not be given as truth. By this arrangement the Indians received fair play. The conference was thinly attended; but at another, begun on Nov. 8 the same year, the Indian tribes were well represented. In reply to questions by Governor Denny of what he complained, Teedyuscung charged the proprietaries of Pennsylvania with obtaining large territories by fraud, and specified well-known instances like that of the "Indian Walk. At that conference there were many citi zens from Philadelphia, chiefly Quakers and the result was, after deliberations kept up for nine days, a satisfactory treaty of peace was made between the Indians and the English, the governor offering to indemnify the Delawares for any lands which had been fraudulently taken from them. That matter was deferred until a council was held at Easton in July, 1757, when Teedyuscung was well plied with liquor. The Quakers, with much exertion, enabled the old chief to resist the intrigues of Croghan to weak Because the treaties with France had been repeatedly violated; the just claims of the United States for the reparation of injuries to persons and property had been refused; attempts on the part of the United States to negotiate an amicable adjustment of all difficulties between the two nations had been repelled with indignity; and because, under the authority of the French government, there was yet pursued against the United States a system of predatory violence infracting those treaties, and hostile to the rights of a free and independent nation-Congress, on July 7, 1797, passed an act declaring the treaties heretofore concluded with France no longer obligatory on the United States. Treaties, INDIAN. Easton, on the Delaware, was a favorite place for holding councils with the Indian chiefs between 1754 and 1761. On these occasions 200 to 500 Indians were frequently seen. Teedyuscung, an eminent Delaware chief, en his influence among the Indians. who represented several tribes, was chief speaker and manager. In 1756 the rela Another council was held there in the autumn of 1758. The object was to ad |