versity, New York. He delivered many lectures and addresses on the Civil War. Townshend, GEORGE, first Marquis, military officer; born in Norfolk, England, Feb. 28, 1724; commanded a division un bec, and took command of the army after the death of that general, receiving the capitulation of the French. He then returned to England, and was a member of Parliament ten years (1754-64). He became a field-marshal and privy councillor; was lord-lieutenant of Ireland (176772), and was created marquis in October, 1787. He died Sept. 14, 1807. was associated with John J. Audubon in is now in the library of Columbia Unithe preparation of American Ornithology; travelled through the West in 183337; visited the Sandwich Islands and South America; and later had charge of the department of birds in the Smithsonian Institution. While in Washington der Wolfe in the expedition against Quehe studied dentistry; was a member of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences and a contributor to its Proceedings; and was author of A Narrative of a Journey Across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River; and Ornithology of the United States. He died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 16, 1851. Townsend, THOMAS S., compiler; born in New York City, Aug. 27, 1829; received a classical education, and later entered a mercantile firm in New York City. In 1860 he began a chronological history of every important occurrence in connection with the impending Civil War, by clipping from the newspapers every statement of value relating to the subject and the record of every military officer in both armies. His collection comprised 120 volumes, and BENJAMIN FRANKLIN TRACY, Towson, NATHAN, artillery officer; born near Baltimore, Md., Jan. 22, 1784; was appointed captain of artillery in March, 1812, having had some experience in that service as commander of a volunteer ar tillery company; was sent to the Niagara frontier; and there, in 1813-14, performed distinguished services. He bore a prominent part in the battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane; also in the defence of Fort Erie. In 1816 he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, and was made paymaster-general in 1819. In March, 1849, he received the brevet of majorgeneral for "meritorious services during the Mexican War." He died in Washington, D. C., July 20, 1854. Tract Society. The first undenominational tract society in the United States was formed in Boston in 1803. In 1814 a society was formed at Andover, Mass., which, in 1823, made its abode in Boston, with the name of the American Tract Society. Another American Tract Society was formed in New York in 1825, and a union of all was effected. In 1859, because of the society's hesitancy to publish tracts on the subject of slavery, the Boston society withdrew. A colporteur system was established in 1842, and the colporteurs disposed of a vast number of tracts. The various denominations also have tract societies. Tracy, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, lawyer; born in Oswego, N. Y., April 26, 1830; became an influential Republican politician, and a prominent lawyer in New York raised two regi ments for the Civil War; commissioned the death of Queen Anne, the new mincolonel of the 109th New York Volunteers; was severely wounded at the battle of the Wilderness; brevetted brigadier-general in 1865; received a congressional medal of honor for gallantry in battle. After the war he served as United States district attorney and associate judge of the court of appeals; and was Secretary of the Navy in President Harrison's cabinet, 1889-93. At the close of his term he returned to the practice of law; was president of the commission which drafted the charter for the Greater New York; and was an unsuccessful candidate for first rayor under this charter. istry reduced the powerful board of trade to a subordinate position—a mere committee for reference and report, and a dependent upon the secretary of state for the colonies. In March, 1749, Horace Walpole, at the instigation of the board of trade and plantations, reported a bill to overrule all charters, and to make the orders of the King, or under his authority, the supreme law in America. This seemed to be consistent with the high claim of legislative authority for Parliament. Onslow, speaker of the House of Commons, believed the Parliament had power to tax America, but not to delegate Trade, FOREIGN. See COMMERCE OF it. He ordered the objections to the measTHE UNITED STATES. ure to be spread at length on the journals of the House, and the board of trade dropped the matter. Trade Dollar, a silver dollar containing 378 troy grains of silver and 42 troy grains of alloy. Dollars of this description, issued under act of Congress of Feb. 12, 1873, were legal tender to amount of $5. Those issued under act of July 22, 1876, possessed no legal-tender power. The trade dollars were intended for trade with countries doing business on a silver basis; hence the name. Sce COINAGE, UNITED STATES. Trade and Plantations, BOARDS OF. The first of these commissions was suggested by Charles Davenant, son of Sir William Davenant, and an English author of note. He proposed, in an essay, that the care of the American colonies should be made "the province of a select number of lords and gentlemen of reputation both for parts and fortunes"; and suggested that it would be in their power "to put things into a form and order of government that should always preserve these countries in obedience to the crown and dependence upon the kingdom." At the same time, he advocated the keeping of the conditions of Trades Unions. The first local labor their charters sacred and inviolate. A unions arose in 1800-25. They multiplied standing council of commerce had been from 1815 up to the time of the Civil established, but in 1673 it was dropped. War, though the movement was opposed From that time until 1696 all disputes by the press, and employers combined and regulations relating to commerce to suppress it. The first central labor and the colonies were usually referred to a committee of the privy council. Trade Expansion. See COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. union in the United States was the General Trades Union, established in New The board of trade and plantations York (1833). In 1850 the Typographical was established by King William III. in Union was formed. Employers at first that year. It consisted of a first lord opposed, but later all endured, while most commissioner, who was a peer of the welcomed and supported it. The hatters, realm, and seven other commissioners, combined in 1854, the iron-workers in with a salary of $5,000 each. The mem- 1858, the machinists in 1859, etc., till, in bers of the board were styled the "lord 1860, twenty-six labor unions existed. commissioners for trade and plantations." International labor organizations were With this board the governors of the formed by the cigar-makers (1864), the English-American colonies held continual engineers (1864), the masons (1865). correspondence concerning their respec- Among other unions were those of the contive governments; and to this board they ductors (1868), wool-hatters (1869), locotransmitted the journals of their councils motive firemen (1869), furniture-makers and assemblies, the accounts of the col- (1873), horseshoers (1875), granite-cutlectors of customs and naval officers, and ters (1877), coal-miners (1885), bakers similar articles of official intelligence. On (1886), tailors, plasterers, carpenters, went to Australia in 1853; travelled extensively through England, where he lectured to large audiences; returned to the United States in 1862, and wrote An American Merchant in Europe, Asia, and Australia; Young America Abroad; Young America in Wall Street; etc. He died in New York City, Jan. 18, 1904. glas, workers, bottle-blowers, plumbers, Train, GEORGE FRANCIS, author; born boite makers, piano - makers, bookkeep in Boston, Mass., March 24, 1829; engaged ers, lithographers, stereotypers, switch in business in Boston for several years; men, spinners, and, lastly, messenger-boys. Women, too, organized their callings, till the unions were universal. Their objects have always been substantially the same --viz., short hours, higher wages, laws to better the laborer's lot, the payment of the same wages to women and men for the same work, the protection of laborers in factories and while on duty, the prevention of unorganized and useless strikes, of the labor of children under fourteen years of age, etc. The National Labor Union was called to order Feb. 22, 1861. It pushed the homestead law, and obtained an eighthour working day for government employés (1868), but, with its successor, the Industrial Brotherhood, both having entered into politics, had ceased to exist by 1875. In 1869 was formed in Philadelphia the first association of the Knights of Labor, a limited, social, and (at first) secret organization. One of its objects was to harmonize labor and capital, while decrying strikes, idleness, and frivolity. It also collected the statistics of its members, and strove to promote intelligence among them. In 1877 it engaged in the great strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad to resist a reduction in wages. By 1877 it had 450 societies; in 1901 it claimed a membership of 200,000; the organization became national in 1878. It organized labor bureaus in twenty-eight States; in 1884 the United States bureau of labor was established; in 1888 the department of labor, at Washington. Friction has always existed between the American Federation of Labor and the Knights of Labor, from the fact that, while both desire in the main the same ends, each favors a different means, the Knights advocating centralization, while the Federation of Labor would have each union govern itself. The usefulness of trades unions is now generally acknowledged. They have made the alien-labor law an accomplished fact, and they have secured in many cases the nine-hour, in some the eight-hour, working-day. Their main contention, however, at present, is still for the eight-hour day. See LABOR, INDUSTRIAL. Transcendentalism, a term derived from the Latin transcendere, to go beyond, and applied to that doctrine of the school of philosophy in New England which was founded by RALPH WALDO EMERSON and A. BRONSON ALCOTT (q. v.). Transportation. See STEAMBOATS. RAILROADS ; Transylvania. While the English population on the Atlantic seaboard were in great political commotion in the early part of 1775, efforts were in progress to form a new commonwealth in the valley of the Mississippi. Richard Henderson, an energetic lawyer of North Carolina, and a land speculator, induced by the reports of Finley, Boone, and others of the fertile regions on the banks of the lower Kentucky River, purchased of the Cherokees for a few wagon-loads of goods a great tract of land south of that river. Others were associated with him; and the adventurer Daniel Boone, who had been present at the treaty, was soon afterwards sent (March, 1775) to mark out a road and to commence a settlement. He built a palisaded fort on the site of Boonesboro, Madison co., Ky. At about the same time Col. James Harrod, an equally bold backwoodsman, founded Harrodsburg. Governor Dunmore, of Virginia, denounced Henderson's purchase as illegal and void, and offered these western lands for sale under the crown. Regardless of the proclamation, delegates from Boonesboro, Harrodsburg, and two other settlements, eighteen in number, met at Boonesboro, and organized themselves into an Assembly of a State which they named Transylvania by appointing Thomas Slaughter chairman, and Matthew Jewett clerk. They were addressed by Henderson on behalf of the proprietors, between whom and the settlers a compact was made, the most important features of which were an agree ment-1. That the election of delegates should be annual; 2. Perfect freedom of opinion in matters of religion; 3. That judges should be appointed by the proprietors, but answerable for bad conduct to the people; and, 4. That the Convention or Assembly have the sole power of raising and appropriating all moneys, and of electing their treasurers. Courts and a militia were organized, and laws were enacted. The proprietors held a meeting in September at Oxford, Greenville co., N. C., and elected James Hogg a delegate for Transylvania in the Continental Congress, but the claim of Virginia to the territory of the new commonwealth was a bar to his admission. The legislature of Virginia afterwards annulled the purchase of Henderson, and the inchoate State disappeared. Virginia gave Henderson a tract of land on the Ohio 12 miles square, below the mouth of Green River. Trask, WILLIAM BLAKE, historian; born in Dorchester, Mass., Nov. 25, 1812; received a common school education; was apprenticed to a cabinet-maker, and worked at his trade in 1823-35; was on the school committee of Dorchester; and became assessor in 1850, which he resigned soon after, owing to failing health. Later he became interested in historical studies. He copied the ancient town records of Boston; aided Gen. William H. Sumner in preparing a History of East Boston; contributed to the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, and aided in preparing several genealogies; and published Memoir of Andrew H. Ward; Baylie's Remarks on General Cobb; The Bird Family, and The Seaver Family. He was a member of the Dorchester Antiquarian and Historical Society, and the New England Historic-Genealogical Society, and was its historiographer in 1861-68. Travis, WILLIAM BARRETT, military officer; born in Conecuh county, Ala., in 1811; admitted to the bar in 1830 and began practice in Claiborne, Ala.; went to Texas about 1832 and later joined the Texas army and fought for the independence of that territory. With 140 men he defended Fort Alamo (the old mission station of San Antonio de Valerio) against 4.000 Mexicans, Feb. 23, 1836. The place was stoutly defended for ten days; numerous appeals were made for aid, but only thirty-two men succeeded in passing the Mexican lines. After frequent attacks had been repulsed with great slaughter a handto-hand fight occurred on March 6, in which the Texans were not overcome until only six of their number were left alive, including Travis, David Crockett, and James Bowie. These surrendered after a promise of protection had been made, but when they were taken before Santa Ana, near San Antonio, on the same day he gave orders to cut them to pieces. Shortly afterwards, during the battle at San Jacinto, where the Mexicans met a bloody defeat, the battle cry was Remember the Alamo." See ALAMO, FORT. Treason. The first clause of section iii., article 3, of the national Constitution says: "Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort." In consequence of the disturbances in western North Carolina (see FRANKLAND) and symptoms of disaffection on the southwestern border, and in Kentucky, the Virginia legislature passed a law in October, 1785, subjecting to the penalties of treason all attempts to erect a new State in any part of her territory without permission first obtained of the Assembly. Pennsylvania had passed a similar law. When Admiral Farragut arrived before New Orleans (April 28, 1862), he sent Captain Bailey ashore with a flag to demand the surrender of the city. The military commander (Lovell) turned over the whole matter to the civil authorities. The demand was refused. Meanwhile a force had landed from one of the vessels and hoisted the National flag over the Mint. As soon as they retired a gambler, named William B. Mumford, with some young men, tore down the flag and dragged it through the streets in derision. This act was hailed with acclamations of approval by the Confederates of the city, and paragraphs of praise and exultation appeared in the New Orleans journals. General Butler arrived with 2,000 troops (May 1), and took possession of the city. His headquarters were at the St. Charles Hotel, before which a threatening crowd gathered. Among them was Mumford, who openly boasted of his exploit in humbling the "old rag of the United States." He became so dangerous to good order as tionery; printing and blanks; mails and the leader of the turbulent spirits in files; special agents, and miscellaneous. New Orleans that Butler had him arrested See CABINET, PRESIDENT'S. and tried for treason. He was found guilty and executed-the only man who, up to 1901, had been tried, found guilty, and suffered death for that crime since the foundation of the national government. In 1901, after the death of President McKinley by an assassin's bullet, there was a wide-spread opinion that Congress should pass an act making an attack on the person of the President of the United States, whether fatal or not, an act of treason. Treat, ROBERT, governor; born in England in 1622; came to America with Sir Richard Saltonstall, and was one of the first settlers of Wethersfield, Conn. He was chosen judge, then a magistrate (from 1661 to 1665), and major of the provincial troops in 1670. In King Philip's War he was active in the relief of menaced settlements in the Connecticut Valley, especially of Springfield and Hadley. He aided in the destruction of the Narraganset fort in December, 1676; the same year was lieutenant-governor; and was governor in 1686-1701. He died in Milford, Conn., July 12, 1710. ex Treaties. The following is a list of the principal treaties and conventions of the United States with other powers, clusive of postal conventions. Treaties are indicated by T.; conventions by C.: PRINCIPAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES WITH OTHER POWERS. Treasury, DEPARTMENT OF THE, one of the executive departments of the United States government. The chief officer is officially known as the Secretary of the Treasury, and is charged by law with the management of the national finances. He prepares plans for the improvement of the revenue and for the support of the public credit; superintends the collection of the revenue, and prescribes the forms of keeping and rendering public accounts and of making returns; grants warrants for all moneys drawn from the treasury in pursuance of appropriations made by law, and for the payment of moneys into the treasury, and annually submits to Congress estimates of the probable revenues and disbursements of the government. He also controls the construction of public buildings, the coinage and printing of money, the collection of statistics, the administration of the coast and geodetic survey, life-saving, light-house, revAustria-Hungary: enue cutter, steamboat inspection, and C. Rights of consuls. marine-hospital branches of the public C. Naturalization service, and furnishes generally such information as may be required by either branch of Congress on all matters pertaining to the foregoing. The routine work of the Secretary's office is ansacted in the offices of the supervising architect, director of the mint, director of engraving and printing, supervising surgeon-general of the marine-hospital service, general superintendent of the life-saving service, supervising inspectorgeneral of steamboats, bureau of statistics, light-house board, and in the following divisions: bookkeeping and warrants; appointments; customs; public moneys; loans and currency; revenue-cutter; sta T. Peace and amity. T 46 66 T. 46 46 T. T. T. T. 46 Argentine Confederation: Austria: Date. Where Algiers Sept. 5, 1795 Commerce, navigation.... Washington. Aug. 26, 1829 C. Extradition.. C. Trade-marks. Baden: C. Extradition.. T. Naturalization.. May 8, 1848 66 July 3, 1856 |