Treaty of Paris, a definitive treaty of peace, signed at Paris on Feb. 18, 1763 (and was soon after ratified) between Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal, which materially changed the political boundaries and aspects of North America. The acquisitions of Great Britain, both from France and Spain, on the continent of North America, during the war then recently closed, were most important in their bearings upon the history of the socalled New World. France renounced and guaranteed to Great Britain all Nova Scotia or Acadia, Canada, the Isle of Cape Breton, and all other islands in the Gulf and River of St. Lawrence. The treaty gave to the French the liberty of fishing and drying on a part of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, at a distance of 3 leagues from the shores belonging to Great Britain; ceded the islands of St. Peter and Miquelon, as a shelter for French fishermen; declared that the confines between the dominions of Great Britain and France, on this continent, should be fixed by a line drawn along the middle of the Mississippi River, from its source as far as the River Iberville (14 miles below Baton Rouge), and from thence by a line drawn along the middle of this river and of the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain, to the sea; guaranteed to Great Britain the river and port of Mobile, and everything on the left side of the Mississippi, excepting the town of New Orleans and the island on which it is situated, which should remain to France; the navigation of the Mississippi to be equally free to the subjects of both nations, in its whole breadth and length, from its source to the sea, as well as the passage in and out of its mouth; that the French in Canada might freely profess the Roman Catholic faith, as far as the laws of Great Britain would permit, enjoy their civil rights, and retire when they pleased, disposing of their estates to British subjects; that Great Britain should restore to France the islands of Guadeloupe, Marie Galante, Deseada, and Martinique, in the West Indies, and of Belle-Isle, on the coast of France, with their fortresses, giving the British subjects at these places eighteen months to sell their estates and depart, without being restrained on any account, excepting by debts or criminal prosecutions. France ceded to Great Britain the islands of Grenada and the Grenadines, with the same stipulation as to their inhabitants as those in the case of the Canadians; the islands of St. Vincent, Dominica, and Tobago to remain in the possession of England, and that of St. Lucia, of France; that the British should cause all the fortifications erected in the Bay of Honduras. and other territory of Spain in that region, to be demolished; that Spain should desist from all pretensions to the right of fishing about Newfoundland; that Great Britain should restore to Spain all her conquests in Cuba, with the fortress of Havana; that Spain should cede and guarantee, in full right, to Great Britain, Florida, with Fort St. Augustine and the Bay of Pensacola, and all that Spain possessed on the continent of America to the east, or to the southeast, of the Mississippi River. Thus was vested in the British crown, by consent of rival European claimants, the whole eastern half of North America, from the Gulf of Mexico to Hudson Bay and the Polar Ocean, including hundreds of thousands of square miles of territory which the foot of white man had never trodden. Treaty of Utrecht, a treaty signed April 11, 1713, which secured the Protestant succession to the throne of England, the separation of the French and Spanish crowns, the destruction of Dunkirk, the enlargement of the British colonies in America, and a full satisfaction from France of the claims of the allies, England, Holland, and Germany. This treaty terminated Queen Anne's War, and secured peace for thirty years. Treaty of Washington, THE. See WASHINGTON, THE TREATY OF. Treaty of Westminster. MINSTER, TREATY OF. See WEST Treaty with Texas. See TEXAS. Trenchard, STEPHEN DECATUR, naval officer; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., July 10, 1818; entered the navy in 1834; promoted lieutenant in 1847; rescued the British bark Adieu off Gloucester, Mass., while on coast-survey duty in 1853-57; served with distinction during the Civil War; commanded the Rhode Island when that vessel endeavored to tow the Monitor from Hampton Roads to Beaufort, N. C. The latter vessel foundered off Cape Hatteras, versity of the South in 1888-1900; acbut Lieutenant Trenchard succeeded in cepted the chair of English Literature at saving the crew; promoted rear-admiral Columbia University in the latter year. in 1875; retired in 1880. He died in New York City, Nov. 15, 1883. He is the author of English Culture in Trent, THE. On Nov. 7, 1861, James M. Mason, of Virginia, Confederate envoy to Great Britain, and John Slidell, of Trenton, a city and capital of the State Louisiana, accredited to France, em- of New Jersey; originally settled under barked at Havana in the British mail the name of Yeffalles of ye De la Ware. steamer Trent for England. The United A number of members of the Society of States steamship San Jacinto, Captain Friends, including Mahlon Stacy, purWilkes, was watching for the Trent in chased land here in 1680, and large planthe Bahama channel, 240 miles from Ha- tations were bought by Judge Trent in vana, Captain Wilkes having decided, on 1715, which caused the settlement to be his own responsibility, to seize the two called Trent Town. The place was creConfederate envoys. The San Jacinto met ated a borough town by royal charter in the Trent on the forenoon of Nov. 8, sig- the middle of the eighteenth century, and nalled her to stop in vain, and then fired the town became the State capital in 1790. a shot across her bow. Her captain un- After the Revolutionary War the Contiwillingly allowed Mason and Slidell, with nental Congress once met here. The city their secretaries, to be taken aboard the is best known historically because of the San Jacinto. Captain Wilkes reached decisive battle fought here (see TRENTON, Boston on Nov. 19, and the two ministers BATTLE OF). The event has been comwere confined in Fort Warren. This memorated by a memorial shaft erected seizure was received with favor in the at the old Five Points, and surmounted United States, but Great Britain de- by a statue of Washington directing his manded from the government at Wash- troops. ington a formal apology and the immediate release of the prisoners, Lord John Russell instructing the minister, Lord Lyons, at Washington, Nov. 30, 1861, that unless a satisfactory answer were given within seven days he might, at his discretion, withdraw the legation and return to England. This despatch was received on Dec. 18; on the 19th Lord Lyons called on Mr. Seward, and in a personal interview an amicable adjustment was made possible by the moderation of both diplomats. On Dec. 26 Mr. Seward transmitted to Lord Lyons the reply of the United States, in which the illegality of the seizure was recognized, while the satisfaction of the United States government was expressed in the fact that a principle for which it had long contended was thus accepted by the British government. Mason and Slidell were at once released, and sailed for England Jan. 1, 1862. See MASON, JAMES MURRAY; SLIDELL, JOHN; WILKES, CHARLES. Trent, WILLIAM PETERFIELD, educator; born in Richmond, Va., Nov. 10, 1862; graduated at the University of Virginia in 1884; Professor of English at the Uni Trenton, BATTLE OF. Late in December, 1776, Washington's army, by much exertion, had increased to nearly 6,000 men. Lee's division, under Sullivan, and some regiments from Ticonderoga under Gates, joined him on the 21st. Contrary to Washington's expectations, the British, content with having overrun the Jerseys, made no attempt to pass the Delaware, but established themselves in a line of cantonments at Trenton, Pennington, Bordentown, and Burlington. Other corps were quartered in the rear, at Princeton, New Brunswick, and Elizabethtown; and so sure was Howe that the back of the "rebellion" was broken that he gave Cornwallis leave to return to England, and he was preparing to sail when an unexpected event detained him. Washington knew that about 1,500 of the enemy, chiefly Hessians (Germans), were stationed at Trenton under Colonel Rall, who, in his consciousness of security and contempt for the Americans, had said, "What need of intrenchments? Let the rebels come; we will at them with the bayonet." He had made the fatal mistake of not planting a single cannon. Washington felt strong enough to attack this force, and at twilight on Christmas night he had about 2,000 men on the shore of the Delaware at McConkey's Ferry (afterwards Taylorsville), a few miles above Trenton, preparing to cross the river. He rightly believed that the Germans, after the usual carouse of the Christmas festival, would be peculiarly exposed to a surprise, and he prepared to fall upon them before day. light on the morning of the 26th. With him were Generals Stirling, Greene, Sullivan, Mercer, Stephen, and eral Lee, with wilful disobedience refused the duty, and turning his back on Washington, rode on towards Baltimore to intrigue among Congressmen against Gen. PHILIP SCHUYLER (q. v.). Ice was forming in the Delaware, and its surface was covered with floating pieces. The current was swift, the night was dark, and towards midnight a storm of snow and sleet set in. It was 4 A.M. before the troops in marching order stood on the New Jersey shore, boats having been hurriedly provided for their passage. The army moved in two Ar Knox, commanding the artillery. columns-one, led by Sullivan, along a rangements were made for a similar move- road nearest the river; the other, led by ment against the cantonments below Tren- Washington and accompanied by the other ton, the command of which was assigned generals, along a road a little distance to to General Gates; but that officer, jealous the left. It was broad daylight when they of Washington, and in imitation of Gen- reached Trenton, but they were undis |