"He should have endeavored to capture or destroy the Spanish vessels at anchor "Judge-Advocate-General, U. S. N., Judge. near the entrance of Santiago Harbor on May 29 and 30.

"Judge-Advocate-General, U. S. N., Judge- Kane; Life of Daniel Webster; Life of

geologist of an exploring expedition under General Cass to the Lake Superior copper region. He was also on a commission to treat with the Indians at Chicago. In

connection between the Lutheran churches in the United States and Europe. His publications include Fraternal Appeal to the American Churches on Christian Union; The American Lutheran Church, Histori- 1823 he was made Indian agent at the cally, Doctrinally, and Practically Delineated; American Lutheranism Vindicated, etc. He died in Gettysburg, Pa., July 26, 1873.

Falls of St. Mary, and afterwards at Mackinaw, where he married a granddaughter of an Indian chief. He founded the Historical Society of Michigan in Schofield, JOHN MCALLISTER, military 1828; the Algic Society, at Detroit, in officer; born in Chautauqua county, N. Y., 1831, before which he delivered two lectSept. 29, 1831; graduated at West Point ures on the grammatical construction of in 1853, where he was instructor in nat- the Indian languages. These, translated ural philosophy for five years. Under into French by Duponceau and presented leave of absence he was filling a like post to the French Institute, procured for in the Washington University, Mo., when Schoolcraft a gold medal from that instithe Civil War broke out. He was chief tution. He published several works on of Lyon's staff at Wilson's Creek, and in Indian literature, as well as fiction, and November, 1861, was made brigadier-gen- in 1832 led a second government expedieral of volunteers, commanding the Mis- tion to discover the real chief source of souri militia. In April, 1862, he command- the Mississippi River, which was found to ed the District of Missouri, and in October be Lake Itasca. In a treaty with the Indthe Army of the Frontier, with which he ians on the Upper Lakes in 1836 he prodrove the organized Confederate forces cured the cession of 16,000,000 acres of into Arkansas. In November, 1862, he was land to the United States, and he was apmade major-general of volunteers. In the pointed chief disbursing agent for the Atlanta campaign, in 1864, he was con- Northern Department. After visiting Euspicuous; also in the campaign against rope he was employed by the State of New Hood in Tennessee until the battle of York in making a census and collecting Nashville, when he was transferred to statistics of the SIX NATIONS (q. v.), and North Carolina, taking possession of Wil- in 1847 he was employed by authority of mington, and was active until the sur- Congress in the preparation of a work render of Johnston. He was brevetted ma- entitled Historical and Statistical Injor-general, United States army, in March, formation Respecting the History, Con1865; was Secretary of War ad interim on dition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes the resignation of General Grant in 1868; of the United States. He wrote Personal resigned in 1869; and was assigned to the Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years Department of Missouri. He was pro- with the Indian Tribes on the American moted lieutenant general in February, Frontiers (1863), and several other works 1895, and retired in September following. on the red race. The Indian Fairy Book, He published Forty-six Years in the Army. compiled from his manuscripts, was pubSchoolcraft, HENRY ROWE, ethnologist; lished in 1868. He died in Washington, born in Watervliet, N. Y., March 28, 1793. D. C., Dec. 10, 1864. His ancestor who first settled in America was a school-teacher named Calcraft, and

he

was popularly named Schoolcraft. Henry studied chemistry and mineralogy in Union College in 1807-8. In 1817-18 he took a scientific tour in the West, and made a fine mineralogical and geological collection, publishing, in 1819, A View of the Lead Mines of Missouri, which was enlarged and published (1853) under the title of Scenes and Adventures in the SemiAlpine Regions of the Ozark Mountains of Missouri and Arkansas. In 1820 he was

Schools. See EDUCATION; TECHNOLOGY; MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOLS; COLLEGES, ETC.

Schooner Pearl, THE. In 1848 Captain Drayton and his mate Sayles, attempted to carry away to freedom, from the vicinity of Washington, D. C., seventyseven fugitive slaves concealed in this schooner; as the schooner neared the mouth of the Potomac River, she was overtaken and obliged to return. These fugitive slaves, men, women, and children, were immediately sold to the cotton plant.

ers of the Gulf States; while Drayton and with various papers; member of the Mas

Sayles, with difficulty saved from death by mob-violence, were brought to trial in Washington. The aggregate bail required amounted to $228,000. They were convicted and in prison until 1852, when, through the influence and efforts of Charles Sumner, President Fillmore granted them an unconditional pardon; but, notwithstanding this, they were immediately hurried out of the city and sent to the North to save them from violence and rearrest.

sachusetts House of Representatives for four terms and of the Senate one term; adjutant-general of the State in 1860–66. He published a History of Massachusetts in the Civil War (2 volumes). He died in West Roxbury, Mass., Oct. 24, 1872.

Schurman, JACOB GOULD, educator; born in Freetown, Prince Edward Island, May 22, 1854; graduated at the University of London in 1877, and took a post-graduate course at the University of EdinSchoonmaker, MARTINUS, clergyman; burgh; was Professor of Philosophy at born in Rochester, N. Y., in 1737; licensed Cornell University in 1886-92; and was to preach in 1765; held several pastorates then elected its president. In January, till 1784, when he took charge of the 1899, President McKinley appointed him six congregations in Kings county; was among the last ministers who preached in Dutch. During the Revolutionary War he was an active and influential Whig. He died in Flatbush, N. Y., in 1824.

chairman of the United States Philippine commission, and he was granted a leave of absence from Cornell. He is the author of Ethics of Evolution; The Ethical Import of Darwinism; Belief in God, etc. See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

Schurz, CARL, military officer; born near Cologne, Germany, March 2, 1829; studied at the Gymnasium at Cologne and at the University of Bonn; with other students engaged in the revolutionary movements in 1848; joined Gottfried Kinkel in publishing a liberal newspaper; and, after the failure of an attempt at insurrection at Bonn (1849) both were compelled to fly. Schurz made his way to Switzerland. of Nov. 6, 1850, he rescued Kinkel from the fortress of Spandau, escaped to the sea, and took passage in a schooner for Leith. Thence Schurz went to Paris; thence to London, in 1851, where he was a teacher until the summer of 1852, when he came to the United States, landing at

On the night

Schott, CHARLES ANTHONY, civil engineer; born in Mannheim, Germany, Aug. 7, 1826; graduated at the Polytechnic School in Carlsruhe in 1847; came to the United States in 1848, and secured a place on the coast survey; was made assistant in 1856; elected a member of the National Academy of Science in 1872. His publications include Magnetical Observations in the Arctic Seas; Tables and Results of the Precipitation in Rain and Snow in the United States, and at Some Stations in Adjacent Parts of North America, and in Central and South America; Tables, Distribution, and Variations of the Atmospheric Temperature in the United States and Some Adjacent Parts of America; etc. He died in Washington, D.C., July 31, 1901. Schouler, JAMES, historian; born in Arlington, Mass., March 20, 1839; grad- Philadelphia. There he remained three uated at Harvard College in 1859, and was admitted to the bar in 1862; became professor in the law department of the Boston University, and later was made a lecturer in Johns Hopkins University. He is the author of The Law of Domestic Relations; The Law of Personal Property; Law of Executors and Administrators; Life of Thomas Jefferson; Historical Briefs; History of the United States (6 volumes).

years, and then settled at Madison, Wis. In the Presidential campaign of 1856 he became a noted German orator, and in 1858 began to make public speeches in English. He soon afterwards became a lawyer at Milwaukee, and, in the winter of 1859-60 was recognized as a popular lecturer. He took a leading part in the Republican National Convention in 1860, when Abraham Lincoln was nominated for Schouler, WILLIAM, journalist; born in President, and made effective speeches Kilbarchan, Scotland, Dec. 31, 1814; was during the campaign. After his inaugurabrought to the United States in 1815; re- tion Mr. Lincoln appointed him minister ceived a common school education; en- to Spain, but he returned to the United gaged in journalism and was connected States in December, resigned the office of