wards engaged in the blockading service, and was in command of a division in Porter's fleet in the attacks on Fort Fisher. He was promoted rear-admiral in 1868, and retired in 1869. He died in Dayton, O., Dec. 21, 1882. right arm shattered by a ball. In September, 1862, he was promoted to major-general, and a little later was in command at Baltimore. From 1863 to 1871 he was in Congress, and in the latter year was appointed minister to England, where he served till 1876, when he resigned. He died in Washington, D. C., March 23, 1890. Schenck, ROBERT CUMMING, diplomatist; born in Franklin, O., Oct. 4, 1809; brother of Admiral Schenck; graduated at Miami University in 1827; admitted to Schenectady, a city and county seat of the bar in 1831, and settled in Dayton. In Schenectady county, N. Y.; one of the old1840 he was in the Ohio legislature; and est cities in the State; settled by Arent from 1843 to 1851 in Congress, when he Van Curler in 1661. Count Frontenac arwent as American minister to Brazil, rived in Canada as governor by reapwhere he took part in the negotiation of pointment in October, 1689. He brought several treaties in South America. In with him troops and supplies and a 1861 he entered the field as brigadier-gen- plan for the invasion and occupation eral of volunteers (May 17), and had of New York. Invasions by the Iroquois published The Pacific Railroad in North party was composed chiefly of Mohawks lectured in English and German in the converted by the Jesuit missionaries, who large cities of the United States; and were settled near Montreal. They were acquainted with the settlements about Albany. These Mohawks, with a number of Frenchmen, were sent to attack these settlements. They traversed the wooded Schlatter, MICHAEL, clergyman; born wilderness southward among deep snows, in St. Gall, Switzerland, July 14, 1716; and, after a march of twenty days, ap- educated at the University of Helmstedt; proached Schenectady, then a Dutch vil- ordained in the German Reformed Church; lage in the Mohawk Valley, and the out- settled in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1746, and post of the settlements at Albany. There became pastor of the united churches of were about forty houses enclosed in a Philadelphia and Germantown in 1747. palisade, but, unaware of danger, the gates He returned to Europe in 1751, and were left open, and the people were sleep- appealed for help in Holland and ing soundly, when, on the night of Feb. England for free schools among the Ger8, 1690, the invaders entered the village mans in America. This appeal resulted silently, separated into several bands. in a fund of over £20,000. Schlatter reThe horrid signal of the war-whoop was tired from the active pastorate in 1755, given, and the attack began. Doors were and devoted himself to founding schools. broken open, indiscriminate slaughter He served in the Royal American army ensued, and the houses were set on fire. as chaplain in 1757-59. When the RevoSixty men, women, and children were lutionary War began he sympathized with slain, twenty-seven were taken prisoners, the patriots; was imprisoned by the Britand the remainder fled, half naked, ish in September, 1777, and had his house through a driving snow-storm, to Albany, sacked, because he refused to obey their 16 miles distant. The cold was so in orders. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., in tense that many lost their limbs by frost. November, 1790. This raid created intense alarm. Schley, WINFIELD SCOTT, naval officer; Scherzer, KARL VON, explorer; born born in Frederick county, Md., Oct. 9, in Vienna, Austria, May 1, 1821; partici- 1839; graduated at the United States pated in the discussion of social reforms Naval Academy in 1860; was with the during the revolution; exiled to Italy in West Gulf blockading squadron in 1861; 1850; came to the United States in 1852, took part in the engagements which and explored large parts of North Amer- led to the surrender of Port Hudson, ica; sailed around the world in the frig- La., in 1863; was promoted lieutenate Novara in 1857-59; and became Aus- ant-commander in 1866, and commander trian consul-general in Genoa in 1884. in 1874. He was placed in command He was the author of Travels in North of the Arctic relief expedition in 1884, America; Costa Rica; The Novara Ex- and rescued Lieutenant Greely and six pedition; etc. He died in Göritz, Austria, survivors at Cape Sabine. He was proFeb. 20, 1903. moted captain in 1888, and in 1891, when a number of American sailors were stoned by a mob in Valparaiso, Chile, he went to that port in command of the Baltimore and settled the trouble. In August, 1891, the Baltimore, still under his command, was detailed to convey the remains of JOHN ERICSSON (q. v.) to Sweden, in recognition of which service he received a gold medal from the King of Sweden. He was promoted commodore in February, 1898, and when the AmericanSpanish War began was given command Schimmelin, ALEXANDER OLIVER, historian; born in Flanders about 1645; went to the West Indies in 1666; was a buccaneer in 1669-74; returned to Europe. He was the author of History of the Adventures of the Freebooters, which are Remarkable in the Indies. He died in France in 1707. Schlaginweit, ROBERT, traveller; born in Munich, Bavaria, Oct. 27, 1833; a brother of HERMANN and ADOLF, noted for their geological exploration of India in 1854-57, in which he participated. He of the newly organized Flying Squadron travelled extensively in North America; for service off the coasts of the United States and Cuba. This squadron was of the harbor of Santiago de Cuba in united with the North Atlantic Squadron column at distance and attempted to under Rear-Admiral Sampson on June 29. escape to the westward. During the battle which followed the attempt of Admiral Cervera to escape, Schley WINFIELD SCOTT SCHLEY. was in immediate command of the American fleet, as Sampson, the commander-inchief, was absent on a run to Siboney. He was promoted rear-admiral in August, 1898; and was retired Oct. 9, 1901. On July 22, 1901, he applied for a court of inquiry into his conduct during the Santiago battle, because of criticisms as to the credit for the victory. The majority of the court found adversely to him, but Admiral Dewey gave him full credit for the victory. He published The Fight off Santiago and Forty-five Years Under the Flag, both in 1904. Report on the Santiago Battle.-The following is the text of Rear-Admiral Schley's report on the destruction of Cervera's fleet: GUANTANAMO BAY, CUBA, July 6, 1898. The Commander-in-Chief, United States Naval Force, North Atlantic Squadron: SIR, First. I have the honor to make the following report of that part of the squadron under your command which came under my observation during the engagement with the Spanish fleet on July 3, 1898. Second. At 9.35 A.M. Admiral Cervera, with the Infanta Maria Teresa, the Vizcaya, the Oquendo, the Cristobal Colon, and two torpedo-boat destroyers came out Signal was made from the Iowa that the enemy was coming out, but his movement had been discovered from this ship at the same moment. This vessel was the farthest west, except the Vixen, of the blockading line; signal was made to the western division, as prescribed in your general orders, and there was immediate and rapid movement inward by your squadron and a general engagement at ranges beginning at 1,100 yards and varying to 3,000 until the Vizcaya was destroyed, about 10.50 A.M. The concentration of the fire of the squadron upon the ships coming out was most furious and terrific, and great damage was done them. Third. About twenty or twenty-five minutes after the engagement began two vessels, thought to be the Maria Teresa and the Oquendo, and since verified as such, took fire from the effective shelling of the squadron and were forced to run on the beach, some 6 or 7 miles west of the harbor entrance, where they burned and blew up later. The torpedo-boat destroyers were destroyed early in the action, but the smoke was so dense in their direction that I cannot say to which vessel or vessels the credit belongs. This, doubtless, was better seen from your flag-ship. Fourth. The Vizcaya and the Colon, perceiving the disaster to their consorts, continued at full speed to the westward to escape, and were followed and engaged in a running fight with the Brooklyn, the Texas, the Iowa, and the Oregon, until 10.50 o'clock, when the Vizcaya took fire from our shells. She put her helm to port, and with a heavy list to port side inshore and ran aground at Acerraderos, about 20 miles west of Santiago, on fire fore and aft, and where she blew up during the night. Observing that she had struck her colors, and that several vessels were nearing her to capture and save her crew, signal was made to cease firing. The Oregon proving vastly faster than the other battle-ships, she and the Brooklyn, together with the Texas and another vessel, which proved to be your flag-ship, continued westward in pursuit of the Colon. which had run close inshore, evi dently seeking some good spot to beach if she should fail to elude her pursuers. Fifth. The pursuit continued with increasing speed in the Brooklyn, the Oregon, and other ships, and soon the Brooklyn and the Oregon were within long range of the Colon, when the Oregon opened fire with her 13-inch guns, landing a shell close to the Colon. A moment afterwards the Brooklyn opened fire with her 8-inch guns, landing a shell just ahead of her. Several other shells were fired at the Colon, now in range of the Brooklyn and the Oregon's guns. Her commander, seeing all chances of escape cut off and destruction awaiting his ship, fired a lee gun and struck her flag, at 1.15 P.M., and ran ashore at a point some 50 miles west of Santiago Harbor. Your flag-ship was coming up rapidly at the time, as were also the Texas and the Vixen. A little later, after your arrival, the Cristobal Colon, which had struck to the Brooklyn and the Oregon, was turned over to you as one of the trophies of this great victory of the squadron under your command. Sixth. During my official visit a little later Commander Eaton, of the Resolute, appeared and reported to you the presence of a Spanish battle-ship near Altares. Your orders to me were to take the Oregon and go eastward to meet her, and this was done by the Brooklyn, with the result that the vessel reported as an enemy was discovered to be the Austrian cruiser Infanta Maria Theresa, seeking the commander-inchief. Seventh. I would mention for your consideration that the Brooklyn occupied the most westward blockading position, with the Vixen, and, being more directly in the route taken by the Spanish squadron, was exposed for some minutes-possibly tento the gun fire of three of the Spanish ships and the west battery at a range of 1,500 yards from the ships and about 3,000 yards from the batteries, but the vessels of the entire squadron, closing in rapidly, soon diverted this fire and did magnificent work at close range. deem proper the gallantry and dashing courage, the prompt decision and skilful handling of their respective vessels of Captain Philip, Captain Evans, Captain Clark, and especially of my chief of staff, Captain Cook, who was directly under my personal observation, and whose coolness, promptness, and courage were of the highest order. The dense smoke of the combat shut out from my view the Indiana and the Gloucester, but as these vessels were closer to your flag-ship no doubt their part in the conflict was under your immediate observation. Eighth. Lieutenant Sharp, commanding the Vixen, acted with conspicuous courage; although unable to engage the heavier ships of the enemy with his light guns, nevertheless he was close into the battle line under heavy fire, and many of the enemy's shot passed beyond his vessel. Ninth. I beg to invite special attention to the conduct of my flag lieutenant, James H. Sears, and Ensign Edward McCauley, Jr., aide, who were constantly at my side during the engagement, and who exposed themselves fearlessly in discharging their duties; and also to the splendid behavior of my secretary, Lieut. B. W. Wells, Jr., who commanded and directed the fighting of the fourth division with splendid effect. Tenth. I would commend the highly meritorious conduct and courage in the engagement of Lieut-Com. N. E. Mason, the executive officer, whose presence everywhere over the ship during its continuance did much to secure the good result of this ship's part in the victory. Eleventh. The navigator, Lieut. A. C. Hodgson, and the division officers, Lieut. T. D. Griffin, Lieut. W. P. Rush, Lieut. Edward Simpson, Lieut. J. G. Doyle, and Ensign Charles Webster, and the junior divisional officers were most steady and conspicuous in every detail of duty, contributing to the accurate firing of this ship in their part of the great victory of your forces. Twelfth. The officers of the medical, I have never before witnessed such pay, and engineer and marine corps redeadly and fatally accurate shooting as sponded to every demand of the occasion, was done by the ships of your command and were fearless in exposing themselves. as they closed in on the Spanish squadron, The warrant officers, Boatswain William and I deem it a high privilege to com- L. Hill, Carpenter G. H. Warford, and mend to you for such action as you may Gunner F. T. Applegate, were everywhere exposed in watching for damage, reports action in the earlier moments of the en of which were promptly conveyed to me. gagement. The execution of this purpose Thirteenth. I have never in my life was promptly defeated by the fact that served with a braver, better, or worthier all the ships of the squadron advanced crew than that of the Brooklyn. During into close range and opened an irresistthe combat, lasting from 9.30 A.M. until ible, furious, and terrific fire upon the 1.15 P.M., much of the time under fire, enemy's squadron as it was coming out they never flagged for a moment, and were of the harbor. apparently undisturbed by the storm of projectiles passing ahead, astern, and over the ship. Fourteenth. The result of the engagement was the destruction of the Spanish squadron and the capture of the admiral and some 1,300 to 1,500 prisoners, with the loss of several hundred killed, estimated by Admiral Cervera at 600 men. Nineteenth. I am glad to say that the injury supposed to be below the waterline was due to a water valve being opened from some unknown cause and flooding the compartment. The injury to the belt is found to be only slight and the leak small. Twentieth. I beg to enclose a list of the officers and crew who participated in the combat of July 3, 1898. Very respectfully, Fifteenth. The casualties on board this Twenty-first. I cannot close this report ship were: G. H. Ellis, chief yeoman, without mentioning in high terms of killed; J. Burns, fireman, first-class, se- praise the splendid conduct and support verely wounded. The marks and scars of Capt. C. E. Clark, of the Oregon. show that the ship was struck about Her speed was wonderful, and her accutwenty-five times, and she bears in all rate fire splendidly destructive. forty-one scars as the result of her participation in the great victory of your force on July 3, 1898. The speed-cone halyards were shot away, and nearly all the signal halyards. The ensign at the main was so shattered that in hauling it down at the close of the action it fell in pieces. Sixteenth. I congratulate you most sincerely upon this great victory of the squadron under your command, and I am glad that I had an opportunity to contribute in the least to a victory that seems big enough for all of us. Seventeenth. I have the honor to transmit herewith the report of the commanding officer and a drawing in profile of the ship showing the location of hits and scars; also a memorandum of the ammunition expended and the amount to fill her allowance. W. S. SCHLEY, The Court of Inquiry.-The controversy between the friends of Rear Admirals Sampson and Schley, noted in the sketch of the former, led to criticisms on the conduct of the latter during the Santiago fight, which were considered by his friends exceedingly unjust. Personally he took no notice of the reflections upon his professional conduct, declaring that the history had been made, and the proofs of it were in the public documents, until July 22, 1901, when he requested a court of inquiry into his conduct. His request was at once granted, and a court was appointed, comprised of Admiral Dewey, Rear-Admirals Benham and Ramsay. The court began its inquiry in Washington on Sept. 12, and on Dec. 13, 1901, reported its proceedings and the testimony taken, with a full and detailed statement of all the pertinent facts, which it deems to be established, together with its opinion and recommendation in the premises. The text of the opinion and the recommendation are as follows: Eighteenth. Since reaching this place and holding conversation with several of the captains-viz., Captain Eulate, of the Vizcaya, and the second in command of the Colon, Commander Controras-I have learned that the Spanish admiral's scheme was to concentrate all fire for a while on the Brooklyn, and the Vizcaya to ram her, in hopes, if they could destroy her, the chance of escape would be increased, "Commodore Schley, in command of the as it was supposed she was the swiftest Flying Squadron, should have proceeded with utmost despatch off Cienfuegos and should ship of your squadron. This explains have maintained a close blockade of that the heavy fire mentioned in the Vizcaya's port. OPINION OF COURT |