tal, and there, without trial, was hanged. This terrible affair broke the spirit of the nation, and they never made further resistance to their Spanish masters. The inhabitants of the island, supposed to have numbered 100,000 when Columbus discovered it thirteen years before, were now reduced to 60,000. The natives of the Lucayo Islands, once numbering 120,000, had been so wasted in the mines of Santo Domingo and Cuba, under the lash of the Spaniards and by sickness and famine, that they had become extinct. In 1509 Diego Columbus, who had married a daughter of the great Duke of Alva, and obtained a decree in confirmation of his title to the offices of his father, sailed from Spain as governor, or viceroy, of Santo Domingo, succeeding Ovando. He was accompanied by a numerous retinue of men and women of some of the first families in A NATIVE TYPE. VIII.-E 65 66 Spain, and with pomp and ceremony the young Columbus, with his vice-regal queen," held a court which spread a halo of romance around the West Indian empire. From Santo Domingo were sent out expeditions to conquer Cuba and other islands, as well as points on the neighboring continent, and until the middle of the sixteenth century it was the heart of Spanish dominion in America. M. de Ternay, when he superseded the Count de Moustier as French minister in the United States, applied to the government for money, arms, and ammunition for the relief of the island of Santo Domingo, then rent by civil discord. The influence of the Revolution in America had produced much commotion in France, and the first terrible throes of the French Revolution were felt in 1791. The vacillating and conflicting decrees of the French National Assembly on the subject of citizenship had given rise in Santo Domingo to a warm controversy as to the political rights of the free mulattoes. They were a class considerable in numbers and property, and the controversy was attended with some bloodshed. The slaves in the neighborhood of Cape Français, the northern district of the island, who were ten times more numerous than the white people and mulattoes united, had suddenly risen in insurrection, destroying all the sugar plantations on the rich plain of the cape, and threatening the city with destruction. Fugitives from this terrible scene fled to the United States, and thus gave emphasis to Ternay's request. The supplies he asked for towards the suppression of this rebellion were readily granted by the United States, in accordance with the spirit of the treaties with France in 1778. Toussaint l'Ouverture, an able negro, became a trusted military leader in Haiti, or Santo Domingo, in 1791. When the English invaded the island in 1793, Toussaint, who had resisted the claims of the French to the island, perceiving that the best hopes of his race then centred in France, whose Assembly had proclaimed the freedom. of the slaves, declared his fealty to the republic. He and his followers subdued both the English and Spaniards, and, in 1796, he was made commander-in-chief of the forces of the island. He was rapidly advancing the prosperity destructive yellow fever. Of Leclerc's of his people by wise and energetic meas- troops, 20,000 perished, and 60,000 white ures, when a civil war broke out. Tous- people were massacred by the infuriated saint restored order, and, in January, negroes. Peace was restored, and Tous TOUSSAINT L'OUVERTURE. 1801, the whole island became subject to his sway, and he assumed the government. A constitution was drawn up by which he was named President for life. Toussaint sent it to Bonaparte, who angrily exclaimed, "He is a revolted slave, whom we must punish; the honor of France is outraged." He sent out General Leclerc, his sister Pauline's husband, with 30,000 men and sixty-six war-vessels, to subdue the usurper." Leclerc arrived in January, 1802. Toussaint regarded this armament as an instrument of enslavement for himself and his people, and a new war ensued, in which the French army was completely decimated by the sword and the more 66 saint was treacherously seized, taken to France, and starved to death in prison. Meanwhile, the black and mulatto population of Guadeloupe arose in insurrection, seized the French governor sent out by Bonaparte, declared the freedom of the slaves, and established a provisional government in October, 1801. They were subdued, and Bonaparte re-established slavery in the island and authorized the reopening of the slave-trade. The island was divided among several chiefs after the assassination of Dessalines, a self-constituted emperor, in 1806. The principal of these black chiefs was Henri Christophe in the northwest, and Pétion in the southwest. The eastern portion of the island was repossessed by Spain. Christophe assumed the functions of a monarch in 1811, with the title of King Henri I., and had the office made hereditary in his family. Wishing to establish commercial relations with Santo Domingo, the President of the United States sent an agent to Christophe in the summer of 1817. The latter and Pétion had lately established friendly relations between themselves in order to present a better front against the claims of the restored French monarchy. Instead of ordinary letters of credence as between independent states, this agent bore only a simple certificate of his appointment. Christophe expressed a desire for friendly relations with the United The States, but, standing upon his dignity, he Santo Domingo government. Of the revdeclined to enter into any diplomatic re- enues, forty-five per cent. to be paid to lations not based on the usual formalities the Santo Domingo government for the between independent nations. The United public service, and the rest used to pay States government hesitated to recognize debts, foreign or domestic, as ascertained the independence of Haiti. The idea of and liquidated, including interest. acknowledging as a nation a community system of duties and taxes to be changed of colored people was distasteful to the only in agreement with the President of representatives of the slave-labor States, the United States; but export duties and the mission of the agent was a fail- upon Dominican products to be reduced or abolished immediately by the Dominican government, but not increased; the public debt not to be increased without the consent of the President of the United States. The agreement to take effect only when approved by the Unit ure. This agreement was considered at both the regular and the extra session of the Senate, but it had not been approved by March 18, 1905, when the Senate adjourned. The possession of territory by the United States among the West India Islands was considered desirable for a long time, and in 1869 the governments of the United States and Haiti conferred on the subject of the annexation of the island ed States Senate and the Dominican of Santo Domingo to the domain of the Congress. republic. In November a treaty to that effect was made, but the United States Senate refused to ratify it. More information was needed. The President appointed a commission to visit the island and obtain it. Their report in the spring of 1872 did not lead to a ratification, and the subject was dropped as a national measure. The government of Santo Domingo ceded to a private company (1873) a large portion of the island, with valuable privileges and franchises. All the public lands on the peninsula of Samana and the waters of Samana Bay were ceded to the Samana Bay Company. Saratoga, PROPOSED STATE OF. Under Thomas Jefferson's plan for the creation of new States in what was then known as the Northwestern Territory, several committees of the Congress were appointed, which in 1784 reported a resolution for the division of the ceded and purchased territory into seventeen States, which were to be created in three tiers. The portion east of what was proposed to be called President Roosevelt appointed Com- Illinoia was named Saratog, and beyond mander Albert C. Dillingham, U.S.N., it was a territory to which the name of special commissioner to President Morales Washington was given. Immediately south to assist in re-establishing the credit, of Illinoia and Saratoga was what was peace, and order of the Dominican Re- then called, lacking a specific name, the public, and on Jan. 21, 1905, an agree- Ninth State. ment was signed by which the United States government guaranteed the territorial integrity of Santo Domingo, and further agreed to take charge of the finances of Santo Domingo, with a view to settling the claims against it. This was sent by the President to the United States Senate, accompanied by a message showing the relation of the problem involved to the Monroe Doctrine, and the duty of the United States to its weaker neighbors. Saratoga, ATTACK UPON. Late in the fall of 1745, an expedition consisting of more than 500 French and Indians and a few disaffected warriors of the Six Nations, led by M. Marin, an active French officer, invaded the upper valley of the Hudson, and by their operations spread alarm as far south as the Hudson Highlands. They came down from Montreal, and reached Crown Point on Nov. 28, intending to penetrate the valley of the Connecticut. At the suggestion of Father The United States agrees to attempt Piquet, the French Préfet Apostolique to to adjust both the foreign and domestic Canada, who met the expedition at Crown debts, and for that purpose to hold cus- Point, Marin determined to lead his party tom-houses, name employees, and collect towards Albany and cut of the advancing the revenue, subject to inspection by the English settlements. They passed up Lake Champlain, crossed over to the Hudson River, destroyed a lumber-yard on the site of Fort Edward, and approached the thriving settlement of Saratoga, at the junction of Fish Creek and the Hudson. It was a scattered little village, composed mostly of the tenants of Philip Schuyler, who owned mills and a large landed estate there. Accompanied by Father Piquet, Marin, having laid waste nearly 50 miles of English settlements, fell upon the sleeping villagers at Saratoga at midnight (Nov. 28), plundered everything of value, murdered Mr. Schuyler, burned a small ungarrisoned fort near by and most of the dwellings, and made 109 men, women, and children captives. The next morning, after chanting the Te Deum in the midst of the desolation, the marauders turned their faces towards Canada with their prisoners. The fort was rebuilt, garrisoned, and called Fort Clinton; but late in 1747, unable to defend it against the French and Indians, it was burned by the English. For an account of the battles of Sept. 19, 1777, and Oct. 7, 1777, which led to the surrender of Burgoyne, see BEMIS's HEIGHTS, BATTLE OF; BURGOYNE, SIR JOHN. Sargent, AARON AUGUSTUS, diplomatist; born in Newburyport, Mass., Sept. 28, 1827; learned the printer's trade; removed to California in 1849 and engaged in mining; studied law, while editing the Nevada Journal, which he established, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. He was elected district attorney of Nevada county in 1856; vice-president of the Republican National Convention in 1860; served in Congress in 1860-72, and in the United States Senate in 1872-79; was appointed United States minister to Germany in 1882; and was offered the Russian mission, which he declined. He died in San Francisco, Cal., Aug. 14, 1887. Report on the Forests of North America; Silver of North America; Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North America, and many other works and reports. Sargent, EPES, author; born in Gloucester, Mass., Sept. 27, 1813; received an academic education; became editor of the Boston Evening Transcript in 1846. His publications include The Life and Services of Henry Clay; American Adventure by Land and Sea; Arctic Adventures by Sea and Land; Original Dialogues, etc. He also edited the Select Works of Benjamin Franklin; Works of Horace and James Smith, etc. He died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 31, 1880. Sargent, HERBERT HOWLAND, jurist; born in Carlinville, Ill., Sept. 29, 1858; graduated at Blackburn University in 1878 and at the United States Military Academy in 1883; was on frontier duty till the outbreak of the war with Spain; organized volunteers in Washington in May, 1898; and was appointed colonel of the 5th United States Volunteer Infantry the same month; served at Santiago and Guantanamo, Cuba; returned to the United States with his regiment, May, 1899; was promoted captain of cavalry, March 2, 1899, and appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 29th United States Volunteer Infantry in July following. In October he sailed for Manila with his regiment; fought against the insurgents in the island of Luzon; and commanded the assaulting forces during the action in which General Lawton was killed at San Mateo, Dec. 19, 1899. He is the author of Napoleon Bonaparte's First Campaign; and The Campaign of Marengo. Sargent, JOHN OSBORNE, lawyer; born in Gloucester, Mass., Sept. 20, 1811; graduated at Harvard College in 1830; admitted to the bar in 1833; engaged extensively in journalism; associate editor of the Courier and Enquirer in 1838; Sargent, CHARLES SPRAGUE, arboricult- founded the Republic (with Alexander C. urist; born in Boston, Mass., April 24, Bullitt). His publications include a 1841; graduated at Harvard Univer- Lecture on the Late Improvements in sity in 1862; served through the Civil Steam Navigation and the Arts of Naval War, attaining the rank of major; was Warfare; a version of Anastasius Grün's director of the Arnold Arboretum of Har- Last Knight; three pamphlets reviewing vard University in 1872-78; became Ar- The Rule in Minot's Case; and four num nold Professor of Arboriculture in Har- bers of Chapters for the Times by a Berka vard University in 1878; editor of Garden shire Farmer. He died in New York City, and Forests in 1887-97; and author of Dec. 28, 1891. Sargent, JOHN SINGER, artist; born in Florence, Italy, in 1856; educated in Italy and Germany; came to the United States in 1876, and revisited it several times, chiefly to paint certain portraits; was commissioned to decorate the ends of the upper corridor of the new Boston public library, and chose for his subject the Progress of Religion; is a member of the American National Academy of Design, and of the Royal Academy of England. In the exhibition of the Royal Academy in 1900 he had a Venetian interior with four figures which was pronounced the cleverest canvas in the exhibition. He is one of the leading portrait - painters of the day. Sargent, NATHAN (pen-name OLIVER OLDSCHOOL), author; born in Pultney, Vt., May 5, 1794; admitted to the bar in 1816 and settled in Cahawba, Ala., where he became county and probate judge; removed to Philadelphia, Pa., in 1830; and established a Whig newspaper; and became Washington correspondent of the United States Gazette. He was sergeantat-arms in Congress in 1849-51; commissioner of customs in 1861-67; and president of the Washington Reform School for several years. He published Life of Henry Clay; and Public Men and Events. He died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 2, 1875. pany in 1786, Congress appointed him surveyor of the Northwest Territory, and he was made its first secretary. He was St. Clair's adjutant-general at the time of his defeat in 1791, when he was wounded; and was adjutant-general and inspector of Wayne's troops in 1794-95. He was made governor of the Northwest Territory in 1798. Mr. Sargent was a member of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of the Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. He died in New Orleans, La., June 3, 1820. Sartain, JOHN, artist; born in London, England, Oct. 24, 1808; came to the United States and settled in Philadelphia in 1830; contributed miniature engravings to Graham's Magazine in 1840; proprietor and editor of Campbell's Foreign Semi-Monthly Magazine; and later had an interest in the Electric Museum, for which he engraved many plates; had charge of the art department at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia; and produced many prints for framing, among them The County Election in Missouri; The Battle of Gettysburg, etc. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 25, 1897. Sassacus, Indian chief; born near Groton, Conn., about 1560; chief of the Pequod Indians, feared greatly by the settlers of the New England coast. In 1637 his tribe murdered several women at Wethersfield, and took two girls captive. On June 5, 1637, the colonists attacked the Pequod settlement on the Mystic River and won a victory. Sassacus, however, escaped to the Mohawks, by whom he was murdered the same month. Sargent, WINTHROP, author; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 23, 1825; graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1845 and at the Harvard Law School in 1847; practised in his native city. He was the author of History of an Expedition Sastean Indians, a stock comprising Against Fort Duquesne in 1775, under the Autiré of Shasta Valley, the Edohwe Major-General Braddock, Edited from on Klamath River, and the Iruwai of Original Manuscripts; The Loyalist Poetry of the Revolution; The Journal of the General Meeting of the Cincinnati; Life and Career of Maj. John André; The Confederate States and Slavery, etc. He died in Paris, France, May 18, 1870. Sargent, WINTHROP, military officer; born in Gloucester, Mass., May 1, 1753; graduated at Harvard College in 1771; entered the military service in 1775; and became captain of Knox's artillery regiment in March, 1776, serving with it during the war, and engaging in the principal battles in the North, attaining the rank of major. Connected with the Ohio Com Scott Valley, formerly inhabiting Siskiyou county, Cal., the region along the Klamath, and a portion of the territory of Oregon. At one time they had twentyfour villages, and numbered about 3,000. In 1899 there were twenty-four Sasteans at the Grande Ronde agency, and 487 at the Siletz agency, both in Oregon. They are also known as Shasta Indians. Satolli, FRANCIS, clergyman; born in Merciano, Italy, July 21, 1831. His education from early childhood was under the direction of Archbishop Pecci, subsequently Pope Leo XIII. After finishing his theological studies he became Professor |