Abbildungen der Seite
PDF
EPUB

Sankey, IRA DAVID, singer; born in tained his election to the Presidency of Edinburgh, Pa., Aug. 28, 1840; settled in the republic of Mexico. He was a favorite Newcastle, Pa., where he joined the Meth- with the army, but unpopular with the odist Episcopal Church; became inter- natives. There were repeated insurrecested in the work of the Young Men's tions during his administration, and, Christian Association; and while attending the international convention of that association in Indianapolis in 1870 met DWIGHT L. MOODY (q. v.), whom he joined as a solo singer in his evangelistic work. His books of Gospel Hymns and Sacred Songs and Solos have been translated into many languages. He became hopelessly blind in 1903.

Santa Ana, ANTONIO LOPEZ DE, military officer; born in Jalapa, Mexico, Feb. 21, 1798; began his military career in 1821 in the revolution by which Mexico

ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANA.

finally, discontents in Texas broke out into revolution. Santa Ana took the field in person against the revolutionists, but was finally defeated at San Jacinto and taken prisoner, when he was deposed from the Presidency. In taking part in defending Vera Cruz against the French in 1837 he was wounded and lost a leg by amputation.

In the long contest between the Federalists and Centralists, taking part with the former, he was virtually dictator of Mexico from Oct. 10, 1841, to June 4,

1844, under the title of provisional President. He was constitutional President from June 4 to Sept. 20, 1844, when he was deposed by a new revolution, taken prisoner near Tlacolula, Jan. 15, 1845, and banished for ten years. He took up his residence in Cuba, where he secretly negotiated for the betrayal of his country to the United States. He was allowed to pass through Commodore Conner's fleet into Mexico, where he was appointed generalissimo of the army, and in December was again elected provisional President. With an army of 20,000 men he lost the battle of Buena Vista. He was afterwards defeated in battle at Cerro Gordo, and about the middle of September, 1847, was driven with nearly 2,000 followers from the city of Mexico. He was

[graphic]

achieved its independence of Spain. Im- deposed, and in April, 1848, fled from perious, disobedient, and revengeful, he was dismissed from the service. A keen intriguer, he secured the overthrow of the existing government in Mexico in 1828. He was a brave and rather successful military leader, and led insurrection after insurrection, until in March, 1833, he ob

the country to Jamaica, W. I. He returned to Mexico in 1853, where he was received with great enthusiasm and appointed President for one year, after which time he was to call a constitutional Congress; but he fomented a new revolution by which he was de

lived in seclusion in the city of Mexico, where he died, June 20, 1876.

Santa Barbara, a city and county seat

clared President for life, with power to appoint his successor. He began to rule despotically, and was soon confronted by a revolution led by General Alvarez. After of Santa Barbara county, Cal.; one of a struggle of two years, he signed his unconditional abdication, and sailed for Cuba, Aug. 16, 1855.

He afterwards spent two years in Venezuela, and thence went to St. Thomas. During the French military occupation of Mexico he appeared there and pledged himself to take no part in public affairs. But his passion for intrigue could not be repressed, and having issued a manifesto calculated to raise a disturbance in his

the most noted winter resorts on the Pacific coast; popularly known as the American Mentone. The first visit known to have been made to its harbor by a white man was in 1603 by Sebastian Vizaino. Gov. Felipe Neve established a presidio here in 1782, which was still in use on the arrival of General Frémont.

Santa Fé, city, capital of the Territory of New Mexico, and county seat of Santa Fé county; believed to be the oldest

[graphic][merged small]

favor, General Bazaine ordered him to quit the country forever in May, 1864. Some time afterwards, the Emperor Maximilian made him grand-marshal of the empire; but in 1865, having been implicated in a conspiracy against the Emperor, he fled to St. Thomas. In 1867 he again made an attempt to gain ascendency in Mexico, but was taken prisoner at Vera Cruz and condemned to be shot. President Juarez pardoned him on condition of his quitting Mexico forever. He came to the United States. After the death of Juarez he was permitted to return to his native country, and afterwards

city in the United States. It still exhibits many relics of bygone generations. The streets are crooked and narrow; many of the buildings are of adobe; and among its interesting features are the Church of San Miguel, erected about 1550, and rebuilt in 1710 after having been destroyed by the Indians; the governor's palace, a long, one-storied building with walls 5 feet thick, erected in 1598; and the Cathedral of San Francisco, built around a similarly named structure, whose records go back as far as 1622. In 1541 Santa Fé was a thrifty Indian pueblo, with a population of about 15,000. The

completely surprised the Zouaves. The war-cry of the Confederates was “Death to Wilson! no quarter!" The Zouaves fought desperately in the intense darkness while being driven back to the shelter of the batteries, 400 yards from Fort Pickens. There were only 133 effective

Spaniards occupied the place about camp. They marched upon the camp in 1605, made slaves of the inhabitants, three columns, drove in the pickets, and and began exploiting the rich veins of gold and silver in the town and vicinity. They continued in control till about 1680, when the Indians rose in revolt, drove out the Spaniards, and not only closed the mines but effaced all indications of their existence. In 1692 the Spaniards again acquired control of the town under Var- men. While falling back they were met gas, and maintained it till 1821, when Mexico secured its independence of Spain. Gen. Stephen W. Kearny took possession of the town in the name of the United States in 1846; the territory was ceded to the United States in 1848; and the city became the capital of the newly organized Territory of New Mexico in 1851.

Santa Rosa Island, BATTLE ON. Fort Pickens stands on Santa Rosa Island, off the harbor of Pensacola. In June, 1861, the 6th New York (Zouave) Regiment, Col. William Wilson, arrived there as a part of the defenders of the fort. There was also a small blockading squadron near. On the night of Sept. 2 a party from Fort Pickens under Lieutenant Shep ley burned the dry-dock at the navy-yard at Warrington, and on the night of the 13th about 100 men under Lieut. J. H. Russell, of Commodore Merwin's flag-ship Colorado, crossed over to the navy-yard and burned the Judah, then fitting out for a privateer. There were then near the navyyard about 1,000 Confederate soldiers. These daring feats aroused the Confederates, and they became aggressive. Early in October they made an attempt to surprise and capture Wilson's Zouaves on Santa Rosa Island. About 1,400 picked men, commanded by General Anderson, crossed over from Pensacola in several steamboats, and at 2 A.M. on the 9th landed 4 or 5 miles eastward of the Zouave

by Major Vogdes with two companies, which were followed by two other companies, when the combined force charged upon the Confederates, who, having plundered and burned the Zouave camp, were in a disorganized state. They were driven in confusion to their vessels, and were assailed by volleys of bullets as they moved off. One of the vessels was so riddled by bullets that it sank. In this affair the Nationals lost in killed, wounded, and prisoners, sixty-four men. Among the latter was Major Vogdes. The Confederates lost about 150, including those who were drowned.

Santana, PEDRO, statesman; born in Hincha, Santo Domingo, June 29, 1801; studied law; appointed brigadier-general and served in the rebellion against the Haitian government in 1844; led 2,400 men, with whom he defeated the southern army of 15,000 on March 19; elected President in November of the same year; favored the movement for the annexation of Santo Domingo to the United States which was defeated by Baez. He died in Santo Domingo, June 14, 1864.

Santee Indians, originally a family of the SIOUX INDIANS (q. v.). In 1899 there were two branches at the Santee agency in Nebraska, the Santee Sioux of Flandreau, numbering 296, and the Santee Sioux proper, numbering 1,019. Santiago, MILITARY See SPAIN, WAR WITH.

OPERATIONS AT.

SANTIAGO, NAVAL BATTLE OF

Santiago, NAVAL BATTLE OF. See also trance to the harbor of Santiago de Cuba SAMPSON, WILLIAM THOMAS; SCHLEY, on July 3, 1898: WINFIELD SCOTT; SPAIN, WAR WITH. United States Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, in a narrative of the American-Spanish War, gives the following graphic history of the great naval engagement off the en

It matters little now why Cervera pushed open the door of Santiago Harbor and rushed out to ruin and defeat. The admiral himself would have the world un

derstand that he was forced out by ill- however slight, of saving something. So advised orders from Havana and Madrid. Cervera was ordered to leave the harbor Very likely this is true. It did not occur of Santiago. He would have liked to to the Spaniards that the entire Ameri- go by night, but the narrow entrance can army had been flung upon El Caney glared out of the darkness brilliant with and San Juan, and that there were no the white blaze of the search-lights, and reserves. Their own reports, moreover, beyond lay the enemy, veiled in darkness, from the coast were wild and exagger- waiting and watching. The night was ated, so that, deceived by these as well clearly impossible. It must be daylight, as by the daring movements and con- if at all. So on Sunday morning at halffident attitude of the American army, past nine the Spanish fleet with bottled they concluded that the city was menaced steam came out of the harbor with a rush, by not less than 50,000 men. Under these the flag-ship Maria Teresa leading; then conditions Santiago would soon be sur- the other three cruisers, about 800 yards rounded, cut off, starved, and taken. It apart; then, at 1,200 yards distance, the is true that Admiral Cervera had an- two crack Clyde - built torpedo boat denounced that if the Americans entered stroyers Furor and Pluton. As Admiral Santiago he would shell and destory the Sampson was to meet General Shafter that city, and he would probably have done so, morning at Siboney, the New York had with complete Spanish indifference to the started to the eastward, and was 4 wanton brutality of such an act. But it miles away from her station when, at the is difficult to see how this performance sound of the guns, she swung round and would have helped the army or saved the rushed after the running battle - ships, fleet. With the American army on the which she could never quite overtake. heights of San Juan, and extending its It was a cruel piece of ill fortune that lines, the ultimate destruction or capture the admiral, who had made every arof the entire squadron was a mere ques- rangement for the fight, should, by mere tion of time. The process might be made chance of war, have been deprived of his more or less bloody, but the final outcome personal share in it. Equally cruel was could not be avoided, and was certain to the fortune which had taken Captain Higbe complete. On the other hand, a wild ginson and the Massachusetts on that day rush out of the harbor might result pos- to Guantanamo to coal. These temporary sibly in the escape of one or more ships, absences left (beginning at the westward) and such an escape, properly treated in the Brooklyn, Texas, Iowa, Oregon, Indiofficial despatches, could very well be ana, and the two converted yachts Gloucesmade to pass in Spain for a victory. In ter and Vixen lying near inshore, to meet remaining, there could be nothing but the escaping enemy. Quick eyes on the utter ruin, however long postponed. In Iowa detected first the trailing line of going out, there was at least a chance, smoke in the narrow channel.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors]

Then the

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

THE RELATIVE POSITIONS OF THE SHIPS IN THE BATTLE OF JULY 3, 1898, OFF SANTIAGO.

ALTARES

[graphic][merged small]

Brooklyn saw them, then all the fleet, and there was no need of the signal "enemy escaping," which went up on the Iowa and Brooklyn. Admiral Sampson's order had long since been given: "If the enemy tries to escape, the ships must close and engage as soon as possible and endeavor to sink his vessels or force them to run ashore." Every ship was always stripped for action, each captain on the station knew this order, his crew needed no other, and the perfect execution of it was the naval battle at Santiago.

The Spanish ships came out at 8 to 10 knots speed, cleared the Diamond Shoal, and then turned sharply to the westward. As they issued forth they opened a fierce, rapid, but ill-directed fire with all guns, which shrouded them in smoke. The missiles fell most thickly perhaps about the Indiana and Brooklyn, the two ships at the opposite ends of the crescent line, but seemed also to come in a dense flight over the Oregon and the rest. Around the Indiana the projectiles tore the water into foam, and the Brooklyn, which the Spaniards had some vague plan of disabling, because they believed her to be the one

fast ship, was struck twenty-five times, but not seriously injured. The Spanish attack, with its sudden burst of fire, was chiefly in the first rush, for it was soon drowned in the fierce reply. The American crews were being mustered for Sunday inspection when the enemy was seen. They were always prepared for action, and as the signal went up the men were already at quarters. There was no need for Admiral Sampson's distant signal to close in and attack, for that was what they did.

The only disadvantage at the outset was that they were under low steam, and it took time to gather way, so that the Spaniards, with a full head of steam, gained in the first rush. But this did not check the closing in, nor the heavy broadsides which were poured upon the Spanish ships as they came by and turned to the westward. Then it was that the Maria Teresa and the Oquendo received their death-wounds. Then it was that a 13-inch shell from the Indiana struck the Teresa, exploding under the quarter-deck; and that the broadsides of the Iowa, flung on each cruiser as it headed her in turn, and of the Oregon and Texas, tore

« ZurückWeiter »