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HARPERS' ENCYCLOPÆDIA

OF

UNITED STATES HISTORY

S.

Sabin, JOSEPH, bibliophile; born in tion; Report on the Principal Fisheries of Braunston, Northamptonshire, England, the American Seas; Hundredth AnniDec. 9, 1821; received a common school versary of the Death of Major-General education; was apprenticed to a book James Wolfe, etc. He died in Boston, seller and publisher; and later opened a Mass., April 14, 1877. similar establishment of his own and pub- Sabine Cross-roads, BATTLE AT. The lished The XXXIX Articles of the Church Confederates made a stand at Sabine of England, with Scriptural Proofs and Cross-roads, La., during the Red River References. He came to the United States expedition under General Banks, in 1864. in 1848 and settled in Philadelphia, Pa.; Franklin's troops moved forward, with removed to New York City in 1850; and General Lee's cavalry in the van, followed returned in 1856 to Philadelphia, where by two thin divisions under General Ranhe opened a book-store. In 1861 he re- som. General Emory followed Ransom. turned to New York City and made a Among his troops was a brigade of colored specialty of collecting rare books and soldiers. Lee was ordered to attack the prints. He prepared catalogues of many Confederates wherever he should find valuable libraries; edited and published them, but not to bring on a general enThe American Bibliopolist; a Literary gagement. Franklin advanced to PLEASRegister and Monthly Catalogue of Old ANT HILL (q. v.), where Banks joined Books; and contributed to the American him. Near Sabine Cross-roads, Lee found Publisher's Circular. He also published parts of a Dictionary of Books Relating to America from Its Discovery to the Present Time. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 5, 1881.

the trans-Mississippi army, fully 20,000 strong, under several Confederate leaders. Waiting for the main army to come up, Lee and Ransom were attacked (April 8), by the Confederates. At a little past Sabin, LORENZO, historian; born in New noon, General Banks arrived at the front, Lisbon, N. H., Feb. 28, 1803; was self- and found the skirmishers hotly engaged. educated; became prominent in the poli- Orders were sent to Franklin to hurry tics of his native State. In 1852 he was forward, but he did not arrive in time to made a secret agent of the United States give needed assistance, for at 4 P.M. 8,000 Treasury Department to look after United infantry and 12.000 cavalry had fallen States commerce with the British colonies upon the Nationals along their whole line, under the Ashburton treaty. He was the and drove them back. Franklin, with a author of a Life of Commodore Edward division under General Cameron, arrived Preble; The American Loyalists, or Bio- at five o'clock, but the overwhelming numgraphical Sketches of Adherents to the ber of the Confederates turned the NaBritish Crown in the War of the Revolu- tional flank and struck their centre

heavily. This assault, like the first, was
stubbornly resisted, but, finding the Con-
federates gaining their rear, the Nationals
fell back, and were received by General
Emory, who was advancing. Ransom lost
ten guns and 1,000 men captured, and Lee
156 wagons filled with supplies.
Sable, ISLE OF.
MARQUIS DE LA.

See ROCHE, ÉTIENNE,

and 521 of the latter band of the Sac and Fox agency in Oklahoma.

Sachem, among American Indian nations, the title of a chief having different powers in different tribes or families. The office was both hereditary and elective in various tribes; in some it was applied to the head chief of a group of families, each family having its own chief. In the Iroquois Confederacy there were fifty

power. They were equal in rank and authority; were distributed among the nations composing the confederacy, and were united in what was known as the council of the league, which was the body possessing the executive, legislative, and judicial authority for the entire confederacy. Among the New England Indians, the highest functionaries were known as sachems, and the ones immediately subordinate to them as sagamores.

vania: The German Influence in Its Settlement and Development; The German Separatists of Pennsylvania, 1720-1800; Critical and Legendary History of the Ephrata Cloister and the Dunkers, etc. Sackett's Harbor. Early in July, 1812,

Sac and Fox Indians, associate families of the Algonquian nation. They sachems in whom was vested the supreme were seated on the Detroit River and Saginaw Bay when the French discovered them, but were driven beyond Lake Michigan by the Iroquois. Settling near Green Bay, they took in the Foxes, and they have been intimately associated ever since, espeeially in wars. Roving and restless, they were continually at war with the fiery Sioux, and were allies of the French against the latter. In the conspiracy of PONTIAC (q. v.), the Sacs were his confederates, but the Foxes were not; and Sachse, JULIUS FRIEDRICH, author; in the wars of the Revolution and 1812 born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 22, 1842. they were friends of the British. They He is the author of The German Pietists were divided into a large number of class- of Provincial Pennsylvania; Pennsyles distinguished by totems of different animals. They remained faithful to treaties with the United States until BLACK HAWK (q. v.) made war in 1832, when Keokuk, a great warrior and diplomat, remained faithful. The Foxes proper were first known as Outagamies (English a rumor spread that the Oneida had been "foxes"). They were visited in their place of exile with the Sacs by the Jesuit missionary Allouez, in 1667, when they numbered 500 warriors. The missionaries could make very little impression upon them. When De Nonville made his campaign against the Five Nations, the united Sacs and Foxes joined him, as they had De la Barré in 1684, but they soon became friendly to the Iroquois, and proposed to join their confederacy. In 1712 they attacked Detroit, and hostilities were carried on for almost forty years, when they joined the French in their final struggle to hold Canada. The Foxes befriended the white people in Pontiac's War. Since the War of 1812 the history of the Sacs and Foxes is nearly the same. In 1899 there were seventy-seven Sac and Fox Indians of the Missouri at the Pottawattomie and Great Nehama agency in Kansas; 388 Sacs and Foxes of Mississippi at the Sac and Fox agency in Iowa;

captured by the British, and that a squadron of British vessels were on their way from Kingston to recapture the Lord Nelson, lying at Sackett's Harbor. General Brown, with a militia force, immediately took post at the harbor. The story was not true, but a squadron made an attack on the harbor eighteen days afterwards. The squadron, built at Kingston, consisted of the Royal George, 24: Prince Regent, 22; Earl of Moira, 20; Simcoe, 12; and Seneca, 4, under the command of Commodore Earle, a Canadian. Earle sent word to Colonel Bellinger, in command of the militia at Sackett's Harbor, that all he wanted was the Oneida and the Lord Nelson, at the same time warning the inhabitants that in case of resistance the village would be destroyed. The Oneida weighed anchor and attempted to escape to the lake. She failed, and returned. She was moored just outside of Navy Point, in position to have her broadside of nine

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guns brought to bear upon approaching the Royal George. Shots came from the vessels. The remainder of her guns were taken out to be placed in battery on the land. An iron 32-pounder, which had been lying in the mud near the shore, and from that circumstance was called the "Old Sow," was placed in battery on a bluff with three other heavy guns; and a company of artillery had four heavy guns. With this force the Americans were prepared to receive the invaders.

two British vessels, which were returned, and a brisk cannonading was kept up for about two hours, the squadron standing off and on out of the range of the smaller guns. One of the enemy's shot (a 32pounder) came over the bluff, struck the ground, and ploughed a furrow. Sergeant Spier caught it up and ran with it to Vaughan, exclaiming, "I have been playing ball with the redcoats and have caught The squadron slowly entered the harbor 'em out. See if the British can catch it (July 29), and when the Royal George back again." The Royal George was at and Prince Regent were near enough, that moment nearing to give a broadside. Capt. William Vaughan, a sailing-mas- Vaughan's great gun immediately sent back

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ter, in charge of the "Old Sow" and her the ball with such force and precision that companions, opened fire upon them, but it went crashing through the stern of the without effect. The people on the shore British vessel, raked her decks, sent plainly heard derisive laughter on board splinters as high as her mizzen topsail,

28th he was in Backus's camp. Thence he sent expresses in all directions to summon the militia to the field, and fired alarm guns to arouse the inhabitants.

As fast as the militia came in they were

killed fourteen men, and wounded eighteen. The Royal George had already received a shot between wind and water, and been pierced by another, and she now showed a signal for retreat. The squadron put about and sailed out of the harbor, armed and sent to Horse Island, where while the band on shore played "Yankee the Sackett's Harbor light-house was Doodle." The Americans received no in- erected. It was connected with the main jury.

When, in May, 1813, the British authorities heard of the depletion of the military force at Sackett's Harbor when Chauncey and Dearborn sailed for York, they resolved to attempt its capture. It was then the chief place of deposit for the

by an isthmus covered with water of fordable depth, and there it was expected the invaders would attempt to land. At noon six British vessels and forty bateaux appeared off Sackett's Harbor, having over 1,000 land troops, under the command of Gov.-Gen. Sir George Prevost. The troops

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naval and military stores of the Americans were embarked in the bateaux, but were on the northern frontier, and its possession would give to the holder the command of the lake. The fall of York made the British hesitate; but when it was known that Chauncey and Dearborn had gone to the Niagara River, an armament proceeded from Kingston to assail the harbor. On the evening of May 27, word reached that place that a British squadron, under Sir James Yeo, had sailed from Kingston. Colonel Backus was in command of the troops at Sackett's Harbor. Gen. Jacob Brown was at his home, a few miles from Watertown, and he had promised to take chief command in case of invasion. He was summoned, and before the dawn of the

soon ordered back, when the whole squadron went out on the open lake. The appearance of a flotilla of American gunboats approaching from the westward had alarmed. Prevost. They were conveying part of a regiment from Oswego to join the garrison at Sackett's Harbor. As soon as their real weakness was discovered the squadron returned to the harbor, and on the next morning a considerable force, armed with cannon and muskets, landed on Horse Island. The militia had been withdrawn from the island, and placed behind a gravel ridge on the main. These fled almost at the first fire of the invaders. This disgraceful conduct astonished

General Brown, and he attempted to rally one of the most popular of foreign minis

ters until the closing days of the Presidential campaign of 1888. On Oct. 24, a letter alleged to have been written to him by Charles F. Murchison, of Pomona, Cal., was published. In it Murchison said that he was a naturalized citizen of the United States, but of English birth, and that he wished information not only for himself but for many other citizens of English birth whose political action he desired to influence. The letter also reflected upon the conduct of the United States respecting unsettled controversies between the two countries. The British minister answered this letter, advising his correspondent to vote with the Democratic party, which, he declared, was favorable to England. The United States government at once requested of Great Britain the recall of her minister on the ground that he had abused the usual privileges of diplomatic life by interfering in the political affairs of a friendly nation. As this request was not promptly complied with the State Department sent Lord Sackville his passports on Oct. 30. The affair was the subject of much diplomatic correspondence, entered largely into the arguments of the campaign, and led Great Britain to withhold the appointment of a successor till after the inauguration of the new administration. Lord Sackville openly disclaimed any intention to interfere in the political affairs of the United States, and it was widely believed that he had unwittingly fallen into a trap purposely set to influence the Presidential election.

the fugitives. Colonel Backus, with his regulars and Albany volunteers, was disputing the advance inch by inch, and a heavy gun at Fort Tompkins, in the front, was playing upon the British, when a dense smoke was seen rising in the rear of the Americans. The storehouses, in which an immense amount of materials had been gathered, and a ship on the stocks, had been fired by the officers in charge, under the impression, when the militia fled, that the fort would be captured. For a moment it was believed the British were the incendiaries, and the sight was disheartening; but when Brown found it was an unwise friend, he felt a relief, and redoubled his exertions to rally the militia. He succeeded, and so turned the fortunes of the day in his favor. Prevost, moving cautiously with his troops, mounted a high stump, and, with his field-glass, saw the rallying militia on his flank and rear. Believing them to be reinforcements of American regulars, he sounded a retreat, and that movement soon became a disorderly flight, as his men hurried to reach their boats, leaving their dead and wounded behind them. At noon the whole armament left the harbor, and the menaced place was saved. So, also, was the ship on the stocks; not so the stores, for half a million dollars' worth was destroyed. Sackett's Harbor was never again molested, and it remained the chief place of deposit for supplies of the army on the northern frontiers during the war. For his conduct in the defence of Sackett's Harbor, Brown was promoted brigadier-general, United Saco Bay, SETTLEMENT OF. In 1616 States army. See BROWN, JACOB. Sir Ferdinando Gorges sent out, at his Sackville, GEORGE GERMAIN, VISCOUNT, own expense, Richard Vines to make a military officer; born in England, Jan. settlement in New England. On Saco Bay 26, 1716; educated at Trinity College, he spent the winter of 1616-17, at a place Dublin; won distinction in the British called Winter Harbor. During that period army; promoted lieutenant-general in the pestilence that almost depopulated 1758; was secretary of state for the colo- the country from the Penobscot to Narnies during the Revolutionary War and raganset Bay raged there, and Vines, bewas especially bitter against the Ameri- ing a physician, attended the sick Indians cans; created Viscount in February, 1782. with great kindness, which won their gratiHe died Aug. 26, 1785. tude. He and his companions dwelt and Sackville, BARON LIONEL SACKVILLE slept among the sick in their cabins, but SACKVILLE-WEST, diplomatist; born in were never touched by the pestilential England, July 19, 1827; entered the dip- fever. He made the whole coast a more lomatic service in 1847; was envoy ex- hospitable place for Englishmen aftertraordinary and minister plenipotentiary wards. He restrained traders from deto the United States in 1881-88. He was bauching the Indians with rum, and he

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