sharp battle De Kalb was mortally wounded. Gates's whole army was utterly rout 1st Maryland Brigade, and broke its line. The whole army, filled with consternation, would have fled but for the wisdom ed and dispersed. For many miles the and skill of Porterfield, who, in rallying them, was mortally wounded. The British had the advantage, having crossed the creek, and were protected on flank and rear by an impenetrable swamp. Both parties halted, and waited anxiously for the dawn. The right of the British line was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Webster, and the left by Lord Rawdon. De Kalb commanded the American right, and General Stevens the left, and the centre was composed of North Carolinians, under Colonel Caswell. A second line was formed by the 1st Maryland Brigade, led by General Smallwood. The American artillery opened the battle. This cannonade was followed by an attack by volunteers, under Col. Otho H. Williams, and Stevens's militia. The latter were mostly raw recruits, to whom bayonets had been given only the day before, and they did not know how to use them. The veterans, led by Webster, fell upon these raw troops with crushing force, and they threw down their muskets and fled to the woods for shelter. Then Webster attacked the Maryland Continentals, who fought gallantly until they were outflanked, when they also gave way. They were twice rallied, but finally retreated, when the brunt of the battle fell upon the Maryland and Delaware troops, led by De Kalb, assisted roads were strewed with dead militia, killed in their flight by Tories; and, having made no provision for retreat, Gates was the most expert fugitive in running away. He abandoned his army, and, in an ignoble flight to Hillsboro he rode about 200 miles in three days and a half. He had lost about 1,000 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners; the loss of the British was less than 500. The Americans lost all their artillery and ammunition, and a greater part of their baggage and stores. Sandiford, RALPH, author; born in Liverpool, England, about 1693; settled in Pennsylvania, where he became a Quaker preacher; was one of the earliest abolitionists, and in the advocacy of negro rights published A Brief Examination of the Practice of the Times, by the Foregoing and Present Dispensation, etc. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., May 28, 1733. Sands, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, naval officer; born in Baltimore, Md., Feb. 11, 1811; entered the navy as midshipman, April 1, 1828; was attached to the coast survey before and after the war against Mexico (in which he participated), and, while engaged in the blockading service (1861-65), was in both attacks on Fort Fisher. In May, 1867, he was made superintendent of the Naval Observatory, and was promoted rear-admiral in 1871. He died in Washington, D. C., June 30, 1883. certed signal, they seized the ensign and carried him out of the room, where he saw the dead body of his sentry and of others Sands, JAMES HOBAN, naval officer; born in Washington, D. C., July 12, 1845; graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1863; served in the North of the garrison. All had been massacred Atlantic blockading squadron in 1863-65, being present at the surrender of Charleston and at both attacks on Fort Fisher; and was promoted rear-admiral April 11, 1902. During the American-Spanish war he commanded the cruiser Columbia in the North Atlantic patrol fleet. After the Spanish surrender at Santiago he joined the expedition to Porto Rico, and subsequently was appointed governor of the Naval Home. Sands, JOSHUA RATOON, naval officer; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., May 13, 1795; became a midshipman in 1812, serving under Chauncey on Lake Ontario. He was promoted commodore on the retired list in 1862, and rear-admiral in 1866. He served on the Mexican coast in 1847-48, and was at different times commander of the East India, Mediterranean, and Brazilian squadrons. He died in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 2, 1883. Sandusky, a city and port of entry in Erie county, O.; on Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Sandusky River. Near by is Johnson's Island, on which 2,500 Confederate officers who had been taken prisoners were confined in 1863. During the summer a plot was formed to liberate these prisoners and in connection with this act to burn or otherwise destroy Buffalo and other lake cities. An expedition for these objects was organized in Canada. The plans of the Confederate sympathizers became known to the American consulgeneral in Montreal, who immediately notified the Canadian authorities. By Nov. 11, the governor-general had gained sufficient information to warrant his notifying Lord Lyons, the British minister at Washington, of the plot. Lord Lyons promptly communicated with the United States government, and by midnight of the same day Secretary Stanton had perfected plans which put an end to the movement. Sandusky, INDIAN OPERATIONS AT. On May 16, 1763, a party of Indians appeared at the gate of Fort Sandusky. The commander, Ensign Paulli, admitted seven of them as friends and acquaintances. They smoked awhile, when, at a precon by the treacherous Indians. They also killed the traders, seized their stores, and carried the ensign to Detroit as a trophy (see PONTIAC). In 1782, flushed with success against the Christian Indians on the Muskingum, 480 men marched, under Colonels Williamson and Crawford, to complete their destruction by assailing them at Sandusky. They designed, at the same time, to strike a blow at the Wyandotte town. They fell into an Indian ambush near Sandusky, and, attacked by an overwhelming force, were compelled to retreat. Many stragglers were killed, and, while Williamson escaped, Crawford and others were made prisoners. The colonel and his son-in-law were tortured and burned at the stake, in revenge for the cold-blooded murder on the Muskingum. Sandwich Islands. See HAWAII. Sandy Creek, BATTLE AT. There was great anxiety felt in the spring of 1814, to have the Superior, ship-of-war, built at Sackett's Harbor, hastened for sea, lest Sir James L. Yeo would roam over Lake Ontario the unrestricted lord of the waters. Heavy guns and cables destined for her were yet at Oswego. The roads were almost impassable, and the blockade of Sackett's Harbor made a voyage thither by water a perilous one. The gallant master-commander, M. T. Woolsey, declared his willingness to attempt carrying the ord nance and naval stores to Stony Creek, 3 miles from Sackett's Harbor, where they might reach Commodore Chauncey in safety. On May 19 Woolsey was at Oswego with nineteen boats heavily laden with cannon and naval stores. The flotilla went out of the harbor at twilight, bearing Major Appling, with 130 riflemen. About the same number of Oneida Indians agreed to meet the flotilla at the mouth of Big Salmon River, and traverse the shore abreast the vessels, to assist in repelling any attack. Woolsey found it unsafe to attempt to reach Stony Creek, for the blockaders were vigilant, so he ran into Big Sandy Creek, a few miles from the harbor, under cover of a very dark night, and landed the precious treasure there. The British heard of the movement, and, ignorant of the presence of Major Appling lost no life. They captured the British and the Indians, proceeded to attempt to squadron, with about 170 officers and capture the flotilla on the Big Sandy. That men as prisoners of war. A ponderous stream wound through a marshy plain cable for the Superior, 22 inches in cirabout 2 miles, and at that time was cumference, and weighing 9,600 lbs., was fringed with trees and shrubs. Among borne to the harbor in a day and a these Major Appling ambushed his rifle- half, on the shoulders of 200 militiamen, men and the Indians. Near Woolsey's carrying it a mile at a time without restboats were stationed some cavalry, artil- ing. lery, and infantry, with field-pieces, which Sandy Hook. See HANCOCK, FORT. had been sent there from Sackett's Har- Sandys, EDWIN, statesman, born in bor. The confident Britons, sure of suc- Worcester, England, in 1561; was a son cess, pushed up the sinuous creek with of the Bishop of York; became a pupil of their vessels, and strong flanking parties Richard Hooker at Oxford; travelled much were thrown out on each shore. The guns in Europe; and, on the accession of King of the vessels sent solid shot upon the James, was knighted. He became an inAmerican flotilla and grape and canister fluential member of the London Company, among the bushes. These dispersed the in which he introduced reforms; and in cowardly Indians, but young Appling's 1619, being treasurer of the company, he sharp-shooters were undisturbed. When was chiefly instrumental in introducing the invaders were within rifle-range the representative government in Virginia, riflemen opened destructive volleys upon under Yeardly. The fickle King forbade them, and at the same time the artillery his re-election in 1620; but he had served on shore opened a furious cannonade. So the interest of the colony and of humanity sharp and unexpected was the assault, in by proposing to send young maidens to front, flank, and rear, that the British Virginia to become wives of the planters. surrendered within ten minutes after the He died in Northbourne, Kent, in 1629. first gun was fired in response to their own. They had lost a midshipman and seventeen men killed, and at least fifty wounded. The Americans had one rifleman and one Indian warrior wounded, but VIII.--D 49 Sandys, GEORGE, poet; born in Bishopthorpe, England, in 1577; brother of Edwin Sandys; educated at Oxford; appointed treasurer of Virginia; and was an earnest worker for the good of the colony, building the first water-mill there. He torney in 1803-16, and during this period promoted the establishment of iron-works, also served in both branches of the State and introduced ship-building. He had "And, worthy George, by industry and use, run Glib as the former; so shall it live long, In Virginia he translated the other ten legislature; and was elected United States Senator as a Democrat, serving in 1815-21. On the adoption of the new constitution of New York, he succeeded James Kent as chancellor; was again in the United States Senate in 1826-31, and during this service he was chiefly noted for his efforts in behalf of currency reform, and for urging the retaliatory policy towards France which was subsequently adopted by Congress. He died in Flushing, N. Y., Oct. 17, 1838. Sanger, JOSEPH P., military officer; born in Michigan; distinguished himself in the Civil War, receiving two brevets; accompanied General Upton on his tour of inspection of the armies of Japan, France, Austria, and England in 1875-77; was appointed inspector of volunteers with the rank of lieutenant-colonel in May, 1898; promoted brigadier-general of volunteers May 27, 1898. He was director of the census in Cuba and Porto Rico in 1899, and in the Philippines in 1903. Sanford, CHARLES W., military officer; born in Newark, N. J., May 5, 1796; admitted to the bar in New York City and practised there till his death, attaining eminence in his profession; was at the head of the New York State militia for more than thirty years; directed the troops in suppressing the Astor Place, Flour, Street Preachers', and Draft riots; served with the three months' volunteers at the beginning of the Civil War; held a command at Harper's Ferry during the American-Spanish War. He is the author engagement of Bull Run. He died in of Sea Coast Defences and the OrganizaAvon Springs, N. Y., July 25, 1878. tion of Sea Coast Artillery Forces; Organization and Training of a National Reserve, etc. Sanford, HENRY SHELTON, diplomatist; born in Woodbury, Conn., June 15, 1823; studied in Washington College, and later in Heidelberg University; entered the United States diplomatic service in 1847; was secretary of the United States legation in Paris in 1849-54; and minister to Belgium in 1861-69, where he negotiated the Scheldt treaty of commerce and navigation. He founded the city of Sanford, Fla., in 1870; was United States commissioner on the Congo River Colony in 1883; and was a delegate to the international Congo conference in 1885, and to the anti-slavery conference at Brussels in 1889. He died in Healing Springs, Va., May 21, 1891. Sanford, NATHAN, jurist; born in Bridgehampton, N. Y., Nov. 5, 1777; educated at Yale College; admitted to the bar in 1799; was United States district at Sanger, WILLIAM CARY, military offi cer; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., May 21, 1853; graduated at Harvard College in 1874; lieutenant-colonel of the 203d United States Volunteers during the Sanitary Commission, THE UNITED STATES; one of two great popular organizations established to promote the relief and comfort of the National soldiers and sailors during the American Civil War, the other body being the UNITED STATES CHRISTIAN COMMISSION (q. v.). The corporate names of the two organizations indicate their respective spheres of operation. On the day that President Lincoln issued his call for 75,000 men, the women of Bridgeport, Conn., organized a society for the purpose of affording relief and comfort to the volunteers. This was the first in all the land. On the same day (April 15, 1861) a woman in Charlestown, Mass. (Miss Almena Bates), took steps to form a similar organization, and a few days later the women of Lowell did the same. They proposed to supply nurses for the sick dent Lincoln and Secretary of War Simon and wounded, and provisions, clothing, and Cameron. The name now assumed was other comforts not furnished by the gov- "The United States Sanitary Commisernment; also to send books and newspa- sion." Frederick Law Olmsted was chosen pers to the camps, and to keep up a constant resident secretary-a post of great imporcommunication with their friends in the tance, for that officer was really the genfield. On the 19th the women of Cleveland, eral manager of the affairs of the commisO., formed an association for the purpose sion. Its seal bore the name and date of of taking care of the families of the volun- creation of the commission; also a shield teers. Earnest women in New York, at bearing the figure of Mercy, winged, with the suggestion of REV. HENRY W. BEL- the symbol of Christianity upon her bosom LOWS, D.D. (q. v.) and Dr. Elisha Harris, and a cup of consolation in her hand, commet with a few earnest men, and formed ing down from the clouds to visit wounded the Women's Central Association for Re- soldiers on the battle-field. lief. Auxiliary associations were formed. Then an organization on a more extended and efficient plan was formed, which contemplated the co-operation of the medical department of the army, under the sanction of the government, in the care of the sanitary interests of the soldiers. Already MISS DOROTHY DIX (q. v.) had done much in that direction. She had offered her services gratuitously to the government, and obtained the sanction of the War Department for the organization of military hospitals and the furnishing of nurses for them. Eight days after the President's call for troops (April 23) the Secretary of War issued a proclamation, announcing the fact of the accept ance of Miss Dix's services, and on May 1, Surgeon-General Wood "cheerfully and thankfully" recognized the ability and energy of Miss Dix, and requested all women who offered their services as nurses to report to her. The commission was to supplement government deficiencies. An appeal was made to the people, and was met by a most liberal response. Supplies and money flowed in, from all quarters, sufficient to meet every demand. All over the country, men, women, and children were seen working singly and collectively for it. Fairs were held in cities, which turned immense sums of money into the treasury of the commission. One small city alone (Poughkeepsie, N. Y.) contributed $16,000, or $1 for every man, woman, and child of its population. Branches were established; ambulances, army-wagons, and steamboats were employed in the transportation of the sick and wounded. It followed the armies closely in all campaigns, and before the smoke of conflict had been fairly lifted, there was the commission with its tents, vehicles, supplies, and necessaries. When the war was ended, and the work of the sanitary commission was made On June 9 the Secretary of War issued plain, it was found that the loyal people an order appointing Henry W. Bellows, of the land had given to it supplies valued D.D., Prof. Alexander D. Bache, Prof. Jef- at $15,000,000, and money to the amount fries Wyman, M.D., William H. Van Buren, of $5,000,000. The archives of the United M.D., Surg.-Gen. R. C. Wood, U. S. A., Gen. States sanitary commission, containing George W. Cullum, of General Scott's a full record of its work, were deposited staff, and Alexander Shiras, of the Unit- in the Astor Library in 1878, as a gift to ed States army, in conjunction with such that institution. "With this act," wrote others as might associate with them, "a Dr. Bellows, in his letter of presentation, commission of inquiry and advice in re- "and with my signature as president of spect of the sanitary interests of the the sanitary commission, the last official United States forces." The surgeon-gen- act of my service, the United States sanieral issued a circular announcing the tary commission expires. You receive its creation of this commission. On June 12 ashes, in which I hope some fragrance may a board of managers was organized, with linger, and, at least, survive to kindle in Dr. Bellows at its head. He submitted a times of new need a flame equal to its plan of organization, which was adopted, own." C. T. STILLE (q. v.) wrote a Hisand it became the constitution of the com- tory of the United States Sanitary Com. mission, bearing the signatures of Presi- mission, |