picture, if correct at all, is applicable to Sumner, GEORGE WATSON, naval officer; very few and brief moments. Mr. Sum- born in Constantine, Mich., Dec. 31, 1841; ner's last years, down to the evening when graduated at the United States Naval he was struck with his final sickness while Academy in 1861; promoted lieutenant in dining with some friends, were a season August, 1862; participated in the attacks of cheerfulness, of courage, of great liter- on Forts Jackson and St. Philip and in ary and social delights, and of hard work. those against the Vicksburg batteries. Was Charles Sumner a great states- Later, while commander of the Massasoit, man? If to be a great statesman is to deal in company with the Onondaga, he prowith questions of the greatest moment to tected General Grant's transports from the state; to know what are its governing attack by the Confederate iron-clads Fredforces; to retain his hold on those forces; ericksburg and Virginia at City Point, Va. to direct them; to cause sound principles In 1893 he commanded the cruiser Baltiof action to take effect in the government more at the international naval review of the state in great emergencies; to in New York Harbor. He was promoted adapt his methods to the condition of rear-admiral March 3, 1899. things by which he is surrounded; in brief, to accomplish great and wise public ends by great and wise means-if this be statesmanship, then was Charles Sumner a great statesman, if one ever trod the face of the earth.

Sumner, CHARLES ALLEN, lawyer; born in Great Barrington, Mass., Aug. 2, 1835; received an academic education; was congressman-at-large in 1883-85; engaged in journalism, being editor at different times of the Sacramento Sentinel, San Francisco Mirror, etc. He was the author of A Government Postal Telegraph; Compilation of Speeches in Congress and Elsewhere, on a Genuine Postal Telegraph; Cremation; etc. He died in 1903.

Sumner, EDWIN VOSE, military officer; born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 30, 1797; was engaged in mercantile pursuits in early life, and entered the army as second lieutenant in 1819. He was in the Black Hawk War; served many years on the frontier; was distinguished in the war against Mexico and was brevetted colonel; and in 1851-53 was military governor of New Mexico. In the spring of 1861 he superseded A. Sidney Johnston in command of the Department of the Pacific, and was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He commanded the 1st Corps of the Army of the Potomac in the Peninsular campaign, and was twice wounded. He was also wounded at Antietam, and in the battle of Fredericksburg he commanded the right grand division of the Army of the Potomac. In May, 1862, he was brevetted major-general, United States army. He died in Syracuse, N. Y., March 21, 1863.

Sumner, INCREASE, jurist; born in Roxbury, Mass., Nov. 27, 1746; admitted to the bar in 1770, and began parctice in his native town; was a representative in the State legislature in 1776-80, and in the State Senate in 1780-97; associate judge of the Supreme Court in 1782-97; governor of Massachusetts in 1797-99; and a member of the convention that adopted the national Constitution in 1789. He died in Roxbury, Mass., June 7, 1799.

Sumner, JETHRO, military officer; born in Virginia about 1730, was paymaster of the provincial troops in North Carolina in 1760, and commander of Fort Cumberland. In the spring of 1776 he was appointed colonel by the Provincial Congress, and with his regiment joined Washington's army. He was made brigadiergeneral in the Continental service in 1779, and in 1780 was engaged in the battle near Camden. In 1781, after active service in North Carolina, he joined Greene in the High Hills of Santee; was in the battle of Eutaw Springs, and was active in overawing the Tories in North Carolina until the close of the war. He died in Warren county, N. C., about 1790.

Sumner, JOHN, military officer; born in Middletown, Conn., May 1, 1735; commissioned captain in a regiment of foot in 1760, and fought in the battles of Lake George and Ticonderoga; was at the capture of Crown Point and the surrender of Montreal; served in the Revolutionary War till Jan. 1, 1781, taking part in the battles of Long Island, Harlem, White Plains, Germantown, Trenton, and Monmouth. was one of the founders of the Society of the Cincinnati. He died in February, 1787.

He

tory of American Currency; What Social Classes Owe to Each Other; Protectionism; Life of Andrew Jackson; Life of Alexander Hamilton; The Financier and Finances of the Revolution; A History of Banking in the United States, etc.

Sumner, SAMUEL STORROW, military Political and Social Science at Yale Colofficer; born in Pennsylvania, Feb. 6, lege in 1872. He is the author of A His1842; entered the National army in 1861 and served with distinction during the Civil War; later was conspicuous for bravery as an Indian fighter; was promoted major in 1879. He was commissioned a brigadier-general of United States volunteers May 4, 1898, and later was promoted major-general for gallantry during the Santiago campaign in Cuba; was assigned to England as military attaché in 1899; commanded the 2d Brigade adjutant-general of United States troops in China in July, 1818-35. His publications include An 1900. He was next ordered to the Philip- Inquiry into the Importance of the pines and appointed commander of the Militia; Observations on National De1st District of Southern Luzon, and was promoted brigadier-general, United States army, Feb. 4, 1901.

Sumner, WILLIAM GRAHAM, educator; born in Paterson, N. J., Oct. 30, 1840; graduated at Yale College in 1863 and then studied abroad; became Professor of

Sumner, WILLIAM HYSLOP, military officer; born in Roxbury, Mass., July 4, 1780; graduated at Harvard College in 1799; admitted to the bar in 1802; was of Massachusetts in

fence; Reminiscences; Memoir of Increase
Sumner, Governor of Massachusetts;
Reminiscences of General Warren and
Bunker Hill; History of East Boston; and
Reminiscences of Lafayette's Visit to
Boston. He died in Jamaica Plains, Mass.,
Oct. 24, 1861.

SUMTER, FORT

tions for them. The firing of three guns at Moultrie was to be the signal for them to be conveyed to Sumter. In the edge of the evening the greater part of the garrison at Moultrie embarked for Sumter. The people of Charleston were aware of the women and children of the garrison being before Fort Johnson, and concluded Anderson was going there also with his troops. Then three signal guns were fired.

Sumter, FORT, a defensive work in the harbor of Charleston, S. C. Major Anderson had long urged his government, but in vain, to strengthen the military works in Charleston Harbor. The burden of the few replies was: "Be prudent; be kind; do nothing to excite the South Carolinians. It will not do to send you reinforcements, for that might bring on hostilities." At length he was satisfied that the people were about to attempt to seize Fort Sumter. This would insure the capture of all the other forts and his garrison, and he resolved to take position in Sumter before it should be too late. He was commander of all the defences of the harbor, and, in the absence of orders to the contrary, he might occupy any one he chose. Vigilant eyes were watching him. He revealed his secret to only three or four officers, for he did not know whom he might trust. He first removed the women and children, with a supply of provisions, to Fort Sumter. This was done by deceptive movements. They were sent first to Fort Johnson (Dec. 26) in vessels, with an ample supply of provisions, where they were detained on board until evening, un- ered. The commander, with the halyards der the pretext of preparing accommoda- in his hand, knelt at the foot of the staff. VIII.-2 G

The voyage was short and successful; and the little garrison of seventy men, with the women and children, and several weeks' provisions, were soon safe within the strong granite walls of Fort Sumter. A few officers and men had been left at Fort Moultrie to spike the guns, destroy their carriages, and cut down the flagstaff, when they were to follow to Sumter. The next day (Dec. 27), at noon, the stars and stripes were seen floating from the flag-staff of Sumter. The garrison wanted Anderson to hoist it at dawn. He would not do it until his chaplain, who had gone to the city, had returned. Around the flag-staff, not far from a great columbiad, the inmates of the fort were gath

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The chaplain prayed reverently for en- proval had reached Anderson. From the couragement, support, and mercy; and legislature of Nebraska, 2,000 miles away, when he ceased an impressive "Amen" a telegram said to him, "A happy New fell from many lips. Anderson then hoisted the flag to the head of the staff. It was greeted with cheer after cheer, and the band struck up Hail Columbia!

Year!" Other greetings from the outside world came speedily; and a poet in a parody on the old Scotch song of John Anderson, my Jo, made "Miss Columbia" sing:

"Bob Anderson, my beau, Bob, when we were first aquent,

You were in Mex-i-co, Bob, because by order sent;

But now you are in Sumter, Bob, because you chose to go;

And blessings on you anyhow, Bob Anderson, my beau!

"Bob Anderson, my beau, Bob, I really don't know whether

Governor Pickens sent a message to Anderson demanding his immediate withdrawal from Fort Sumter. The demand was politely refused, and the major was denounced in the State convention, in the legislature, in public and private assemblies, as a traitor to the South," because he was a native of a slave-labor State. The Confederates in Charleston and Washington were filled with rage. Floyd declared the "solemn pledges of the government" had been violated by Anderson, and he demanded of the President permission to withdraw the garrison from Charleston Harbor. The President refused; a disruption of the cabinet followed. Floyd fled; and Anderson received Governor Pickens, nettled by Ander(Dec. 31) from Secretary of War Holt son's refusal to give up Sumter, treated -a Kentuckian like himself-an assur- him as a public enemy within the domain ance of his approval of what he had of South Carolina. Armed South Carodone. Earlier than this words of ap- linians had been sent to take possession

I ought to like you so, Bob, considering that feather;

I don't like standing armies, Bob, as very
well you know,

But I love a man that dares to act, Rob
Anderson, my beau."

N

letter, under a flag of truce, to Governor Pickens, as to a belligerent enemy, asking him for an explanation of the outrage. Pickens replied that it was an act authorized by the State of South Carolina, and that any attempt to reinforce Sumter would be resisted. Anderson referred the whole subject to his government, and wrote to Pickens to that effect, expressing a hope that he would not prevent the bearer of his

of Fort Moultrie, where they found the accepted it as an act of war, and sent a works dismantled. When, the next morning, Anderson sent to inquire by what authority they were there, the commander replied, "By the authority of the sovereign State of South Carolina, and by command of her governor." From that time until the close of President Buchanan's administration, and even longer, Major Anderson was compelled, by government policy, to see the Confederates gathering by thousands around Charleston, erecting despatches (Lieutenant Talbot) from profortifications within reach of his guns, and making every needful preparation for the destruction of Fort Sumter, without being allowed to fire a shot.

ceeding at once to Washington. No objection was interposed, and Talbot carried to the North the first full tidings of the failure of the expedition of the Star of the Major Anderson keenly felt the firing West. Two days after the attack on that upon the STAR OF THE WEST (q. v.). He vessel, Pickens sent his Secretary of State

(Magrath), and Secretary of War (Jamie- late on Saturday night. She had neither son) as commissioners to Anderson to eaten, drunk, nor slept during the journey, make a formal demand for the immediate for she was absorbed with the subject of surrender of Fort Sumter to the authori- her errand. From Wilmington to Charlesties of South Carolina. They tried every ton she was the only woman on the train. art to persuade and alarm him, but in Therein, and at the hotel in Charleston, vain. He assured them that sooner than she continually heard her husband cursed suffer such a humiliation he would fire the and threatened. She knew Governor magazine and blow fort and garrison into Pickens personally, and the next morning the air. They perceived that the only she sought from him a permit for herself hope of gaining possession of the fort was and Hart to go to Fort Sumter. He could in an assault or the starvation of the gar- not allow a man to be added to the garririson. That afternoon the authorities had son. Regarding with scorn the suggestion four old hulks, filled with stones, towed that the addition of one man to a garrison into the ship-channel and sunk, to prevent of seventy or eighty, when thousands of reinforcements reaching the fort. armed men were in Charleston, could imWhen the wife of Major Anderson (a peril the "sovereign State of South Carodaughter of Gen. D. L. Clinch) heard of lina," Mrs. Anderson sent a message to the perilous position of her husband, she the governor, saying, "I shall take Hart was very anxious that he should have a with me, with or without a pass." Her tried and faithful servant with him. She words of scorn and her message were rewas then in New York City and an in- peated to the governor, and he, seeing valid; but she resolved to take an old and the absurdity of his objection, gave a pass tried sergeant, who had served her hus- for Hart. At 10 A.M. on Jan. 6, accomband in the war with Mexico, into Fort panied by a few personal friends, Mrs. Sumter. His name was Peter. Hart, and Anderson and Peter Hart went in a boat she heard that he was somewhere in New to Fort Sumter. As she saw the banner York City. After searching for him over the fort she exclaimed, "The dear among all the Harts whose names were in old flag!" and burst into tears. the city directory, she found him connected the first time emotion had conquered her with the police. At her request he called will since she left New York. As her upon her, accompanied by his wife. After friends carried her from the boat to the telling him of Major Anderson's peril, she sally-port, her husband ran out, caught said, "I want you to go with me to Fort her in his arms, and exclaimed, in a Sumter." Hart looked towards his young vehement whisper, "My glorious wife!" wife, a warm-hearted Irishwoman, for a and carried her into the fort. "I have moment, and then said, "I will go, brought you Peter Hart," she said. "The madam." "But I want you to stay with children are well. I return to-night." In the major." Hart looked inquiringly to her husband's quarters she took some wards his Margaret, and replied, "I will refreshments. The tide served in the go, madam." But, Margaret," said Mrs. course of two hours, and she returned to Anderson, "what do you say?" Indade, Charleston. She had reinforced Fort ma'am, it's Margaret's sorry she can't do Sumter with Peter Hart, a more efficient as much for you as Pater can," was the power at the right hand of Major Anderreply. "When will you go, Hart?" asked son at that critical moment than a hunMrs. Anderson. "To-night, madam, if dred soldiers would have been, for he was you wish." "To-morrow night at six ever vigilant, keen, faithful, judicious, and o'clock I will be ready," said Mrs. Ander- brave, and was the major's trusted friend son. In spite of the remonstrances of her on all occasions. On a bed placed in the physician, the devoted wife left New York cars, and accompanied by Major Anderon Jan. 3, 1861, for Charleston, accom- son's brother, the devoted wife started for panied by Peter Hart in the character of New York that evening. She was ina servant, ready at all times to do her sensible when she reached Washington. A bidding. None but her physician knew friend carried her into Willard's Hotel. her destination. They travelled without Forty-eight hours afterwards she started intermission, and arrived at Charleston for New York, and there she was for a

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It was