and given to Gorges. Squanto taught them how to plant maize, to catch a certain fish wherewith to manure their lands, and late in the season he guided an bassadors from Plymouth to the court of Massasoit at Pokanoket, afterwards Warren, R. I.

am

Sampson, DEBORAH, heroine; born in Plympton, Mass., Dec. 17, 1760; was moved by patriotic feeling to disguise her sex and enter the Continental army when less than eighteen years old. Under the name of Robert Shurtleff she joined the 4th Massachusetts Regiment and served for three years in the ranks; received a sabre-cut in the temple in an action near Tarrytown; and soon afterwards was shot in the shoulder. During the campaign around Yorktown she had an attack of brain fever, and was taken to a hospital in Philadelphia, where her sex was discovered. Upon her recovery she

etc. He died in New York City, Dec. 12, 1823.

was sent to Washington, who gave her an honorable discharge, some advice, and a purse of money. After the war she was Sampson, WILLIAM, author; born in invited to the capital, and Congress voted Londonderry, Ireland, Jan. 17, 1764; her a grant of lands and a pension. She studied at Dublin University and bewrote an autobiography entitled The Fe- came a lawyer; later settled in New male Review. She died in Sharon, Mass., York City. His writings were largely inApril 29, 1827. strumental in leading to the consolidaSampson, EZRA, clergyman; born in tion and important amending of the laws Middleboro, Mass., Feb. 12, 1749; gradu- of New York State. His publications inated at Yale College in 1773; settled in clude Memoirs of William Sampson; CathPlympton, Mass., in 1775; was chaplain in olic Question in America; Discourse Before the American camp at Roxbury, and by his the New York Historical Society on the patriotic speeches greatly encouraged the Common Law; Discourse and Correspondsoldiers. His publications include Ser- ence with Learned Jesuits upon the Hismon Before Colonel Cotton's Regiment; tory of the Law; History of Ireland, Thanksgiving Discourse; The Sham Pa- etc. He died in New York City, Dec. triot Unmasked; Historical Dictionary, 27, 1836.

Sampson, WILLIAM THOMAS, naval offi- the flag-ship New York, was about 7 miles cer; born in Palmyra, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1840; from the entrance to Santiago Harbor, graduated at the United States Naval returning from Siboney, whither he had Academy in 1860; promoted master in gone for a conference with General 1861; lieutenant in 1862; lieutenant-com- Shafter. In the absence of Rear-Admiral mander in 1866; commander in 1874; cap- Sampson the command of the American fleet devolved on Rear-Admiral Schley. The battle which resulted in the destruction of Admiral Cervera's fleet was fought on plans formulated by Rear-Admiral Sampson, who was unable to reach the scene of the fight before the great American victory had been secured. For his services during the war he received the thanks of the President.

WILLIAM THOMAS SAMPSON.

tain in 1889; and was superintendent of the Naval Academy in 1886-90. In the Civil War he was serving as executive officer of the iron-clad Patapsco when that vessel was destroyed by a mine in Charleston Harbor. He was blown into the water, but was soon rescued. In the latter part of February, 1898, he was made president of the board of inquiry on the destruction of the United States battle-ship Maine in Havana Harbor (see CUBA). After war was declared against Spain he was appointed acting rear-admiral by the President, and placed in command of the North Atlantic Squadron over the heads of ten officers his seniors in rank. He was ordered to blockade Havana, April 21, 1898. With a portion of his fleet he bombarded the fortifications at San Juan, Porto Rico, May 12. He then placed the strongest part of his squadron off the southern shore of Cuba. On May 19, after eluding the American ships, Admiral Cervera entered the harbor of Santiago with his fleet. On May 31, Sampson bombarded the fortifications at the entrance of Santiago harbor, and on June 9 seized Guantanamo Bay and made it a base of supplies.

On the morning of July 3, when Admiral Cervera attempted to escape from Santiago Harbor, Rear-Admiral Sampson, with

After the close of the war an unfortunate controversy arose between the friends of Rear-Admirals Sampson and Schley. This extended into the Congress and prevented the carrying out the wishes of President McKinley for the suitable recognition by promotions of the principal participants in the victory. An attempt was made to revive the grade of viceadmiral and to authorize the President to

appoint both Sampson and Schley to that grade, but this measure also failed to pass in Congress.

After the close of the hostilities RearAdmiral Sampson was appointed one of the three American commissioners to arrange for the evacuation of Cuba. He then resumed active command of the North Atlantic Station till Oct. 14, 1899, when he was appointed commandant of the navy-yard at Boston. He died in Washington, D. C., May 6, 1902. See SCHLEY, WINFIELD SCOTT.

Report on Santiago Battle.-The following is the text of Rear-Admiral Sampson's report as commander-in-chief of the United States naval force, North Atlantic Station:

U. S. Flag-ship, New York (first rate), OFF SANTIAGO DE CUBA, CUBA, July 15, 1898. SIR, I have the honor to make the following report upon the battle with and the destruction of the Spanish squadron commanded by Admiral Cervera off Santiago de Cuba on Sunday, July 3, 1898.

Second. The enemy's vessels came out of the harbor between 9.35 and 10 A.M.,

the head of the column appearing around ly out of the harbor at a speed esti

Cay Smith at 9.31, and emerging from the channel five or six minutes later.

mated at from 8 to 10 knots, and in the following order: Infanta Maria Teresa Third. The positions of the vessels of (flag-ship), Vizcaya, Cristobal Colon, and my command off Santiago at that moment the Almirante Oquendo. The distance bewere as follows: The flag-ship New York tween these ships was about 800 yards, was 4 miles east of her blockading station, which means that from the time the first and about 7 miles from the harbor en- one became visible in the upper reach of trance. She had started from Siboney, the channel until the last one was out of where I intended to land, accompanied the harbor an interval of only about by several of my staff, and go to the front twelve minutes elapsed. Following the and consult with General Shafter. A Oquendo, at a distance of about 1,200 discussion of the situation and a more definite understanding between us of the operations proposed had been rendered necessary by the unexpectedly strong resistance of the Spanish garrison of Santiago. I had sent my chief of staff on shore the day before to arrange an interview with General Shafter, who had been suffering from heat prostration. I made arrangements to go to his headquarters, and my flag-ship was in the position mentioned above when the Spanish squadron appeared in the channel.

The remaining vessels were in or near their usual blockading positions, distributed in a semicircle about the harbor entrance, counting from the eastward to the westward, in the following order: The Indiana, about a mile and a half from shore; the Oregon, the New York's place between these two, the Iowa, the Texas, and the Brooklyn, the latter 2 miles from the shore west of Santiago. The distance of the vessels from the harbor entrance was from 2 to 4 miles, the latter being the limit of the day blockading distance. The length of the arc formed by the ships I was about 8 miles. The Massachusetts had left at 4 A.M. for Guantanamo for coal. Her station was between the Iowa and the Texas. The auxiliaries Gloucester and Vixen lay close to the land and nearer the harbor entrance than the large vessels, the Gloucester to the eastward and the Vixen to the westward. The torpedoboat Ericsson was in company with the flag-ship, and remained with her during her chase until ordered to discontinue, when she rendered very efficient service in rescuing prisoners from the burning Vizcaya. I enclose a diagram showing approximately the positions of the vessels as described above.

yards, came the torpedo-boat destroyer Pluton, and after her the Furor. The armored cruisers, as rapidly as they could bring their guns to bear, opened a vigorous fire upon the blockading vessels, and emerged from the channel shrouded in the smoke from their guns.

were

Fifth. The men of our ships in front of the port were at Sunday quarters for inspection. The signal was made simultaneously from several vessels, "Enemy ships escaping," and general quarters sounded. The men cheered as they sprang to their guns, and fire was opened probably within eight minutes by the vessels whose guns commanded the entrance. The New York turned about and steamed for the escaping fleet, flying the signal, "Close in towards harbor entrance and attack vessels," and gradually increased speed, until towards the end of the chase she was making 161⁄2 knots, and was rapidly closing on the Cristobal Colon. She was not at any time within the range of the heavy Spanish ships, and her only part in the firing was to receive the undivided fire from the forts in passing the harbor entrance and to fire a few shots at one of the destroyers, thought at the moment to be attempting to escape from the Gloucester.

Sixth. The Spanish vessels, upon clearing the harbor, turned to the westward in column, increasing their speed to the full power of their engines. The heavy blockading vessels, which had closed in towards the Morro at the instant of the enemy's appearance, and at their best speed, delivered a rapid fire, well sustained and destructive, which speedily overwhelmed and silenced the Spanish fire. The initial speed of the Spaniards carried them rapidly past the blockading vessels, Fourth. The Spanish vessels came rapid- and the battle developed into a chase, in

which the Brooklyn and the Texas had at ed by the Spaniards-all steering in the the start the advantage of position. The same direction, and in formation-re Brooklyn maintained this lead. The moved all tactical doubts or difficulties Oregon, steaming at amazing speed from and made plain the duty of every United the commencement of the action, took States vessel to close in, immediately enfirst place. The Iowa and the Indiana, gage, and pursue. This was promptly and having done good work, and not having effectively done. As already stated, the the speed of the other ships, were direct- first rush of the Spanish squadron carried ed by me in succession at about the time it past a number of the blockading ships the Vizcaya was beached to drop out of which could not immediately work up to the chase and resume blockading stations. their best speed; but they suffered heavily These vessels rescued many prisoners. in passing, and the Infanta Maria Teresa The Vixen, finding that the rush of the and the Oquendo were probably set on fire Spanish ships would put her between two by shells fired during the first fifteen fires, ran outside of our own column minutes of the engagement. It was afterand remained there during the battle and wards learned that the Infanta Maria chase. Teresa's fire-main had been cut by one of our first shots, and that she was unable to extinguish the fire. With large volumes of smoke rising from their lower decks aft, these vessels gave up both fight and flight and ran in on the beach-the Infanta Maria Teresa at about 10.15 A.M. at Nima Nima, 61⁄2 miles from the Santiago Harbor entrance, and the Almirante Oquendo at about 10.30 A.M. at Juan Gonzales, 7 miles from the port.

Seventh. The skilful handling and gallant fighting of the Gloucester excited the admiration of every one who witnessed it and merits the commendation of the Navy Department. She is a fast and entirely unprotected auxiliary vessel-the yacht Corsair and has a good battery of light rapid-fire guns. She was lying about 2 miles from the harbor entrance to the southward and eastward, and immediately steamed in, opening fire upon the large ships. Anticipating the appearance of the Pluton and the Furor, the Gloucester was slowed, thereby gaining more rapidly a high pressure of steam, and when the destroyers came out she steamed for them at full speed, and was able to close at short range, where her fire was accurate, deadly, and of great volume. During this fight the Gloucester was under the fire of the Socapa battery.

Ninth. The Vizcaya was still under the fire of the leading vessels; the Cristobal Colon had drawn ahead, leading the chase, and soon passed beyond the range of the guns of the leading American ships. The Vizcaya was soon set on fire, and at 11.15 she turned in shore and was beached at Acerraderos, 15 miles from Santiago, burning fiercely, and with her reserves of ammunition on deck already beginning to explode.

Within twenty minutes from the time When about 10 miles west of Santiago they emerged from Santiago Harbor the the Indiana had been signalled to go back careers of the Furor and the Pluton were to the harbor entrance, and at Acerraderos ended, and two-thirds of their people kill- the Iowa was signalled to resume blocked. The Furor was beached and sunk in ading station." The Iowa, assisted by the the surf; the Pluton sank in deep water a Ericsson and the Hist, took off the crew of few minutes later. The destroyers prob- the Vizcaya, while the Harvard and the ably suffered much injury from the fire Gloucester rescued those of the Infanta of the secondary batteries of the battle- Maria Teresa and the Almirante Oquendo. ships Iowa, Indiana, and Texas, yet I This rescue of prisoners, including the think a very considerable factor in their wounded from the burning Spanish vesspeedy destruction was the fire at close sels, was the occasion of some of the most range of the Gloucester's battery. After daring and gallant conduct of the day. rescuing the survivors of the destroyers, The ships were burning fore and aft, their the Gloucester did excellent service in guns and reserve ammunition were exlanding and securing the crew of the In- ploding, and it was not known at what fanta Maria Teresa. moment the fire would reach the main Eighth. The method of escape attempt- magazine. In addition to this, a heavy

surf was running just inside of the Spanish ships. But no risk deterred our officers and men until their work of humanity was complete.

Tenth. There remained now of the Spanish ships only the Cristobal Colon, but she was their best and fastest vessel. Forced by the situation to hug the Cuban coast, her only chance of escape was by superior and sustained speed. When the Vizcaya went ashore the Colon was about 6 miles ahead of the Brooklyn and the Oregon, but her spurt was finished, and the American ships were now gaining upon her. Behind the Brooklyn and the Oregon came the Texas, the Vixen, and the New York. It was evident from the bridges of the New York that all the American ships were gradually overhauling the chase, and that she had no chance of escape. At 12.50 the Brooklyn and the Oregon opened fire and got her range the Oregon's heavy shell striking beyond her-and at 1.20 she gave up without firing another shot, hauled down her colors and ran ashore at Rio Torquino, 48 miles from Santiago. Captain Cook, of the Brooklyn, went on board to receive the surrender.

been done she would have gone down in deep water and would have been, to a certainty, a total loss.

Eleventh. I regard this complete and important victory over the Spanish forces as the successful finish of several weeks of arduous and close blockade, so stringent and effective during the night that the enemy was deterred from making the attempt to escape at night, and deliberately elected to make the attempt in daylight. That this was the case I was informed by the commanding officer of the Cristobal Colon.

Twelfth. It seems proper briefly to describe here the manner in which this was accomplished. The harbor of Santiago is naturally easy to blockade, there being but one entrance, and that a narrow one, and the deep water extending close up to the shore line, presenting no difficulties of navigation outside of the entrance. At the time of my arrival before the port, June 1, the moon was at its full, and there was sufficient light during the night to enable any movement outside of the entrance to be detected; but with the waning of the moon and the coming of dark nights there was opportunity for the enemy to escape or for his torpedo-boats to make an attack upon the blockading vessels. It was ascertained with fair conclusiveness that the Merrimac, so gallantly taken into the channel on June 3, did not obstruct it.

While his boat was alongside I came up in the New York, received his report and placed the Oregon in charge of the wreck, to save her, if possible; and directed the prisoners to be transferred to the Resolute, which had followed the chase. Commodore Schley, whose chief of I therefore maintained the blockade as staff had gone on board to receive the follows: To the battle-ships was assigned surrender, had directed that all their per- the duty, in turn, of lighting the channel. sonal effects should be retained by the Moving up to the port, at a distance of officers. This order I did not modify. from 1 to 2 miles from the MorroThe Cristobal Colon was not injured by dependent upon the condition of the atour firing, and probably is not much in- mosphere-they threw a search-light beam jured by beaching, though she ran ashore directly up the channel and held it steadat high speed. The beach was so steep ily there. This lightened up the entire that she came off by the working of the breadth of the channel for half a mile sea. But her sea-valves were opened and inside of the entrance so brilliantly that broken, treacherously, I am sure, after the movement of small boats could be deher surrender, and despite all efforts she tected. Why the batteries never opened sank. When it became evident that she fire upon the search-light ship was always could not be kept afloat she was pushed a matter of surprise to me, but they never by the New York bodily upon the beach- did. Stationed close to the entrance of the the New York's stern being placed against port were three picket launches, and at a her for this purpose, the ship being little distance farther out three small handled by Captain Chadwick with ad- picket vessels, usually converted yachts, mirable judgment—and sank in shoal and when they were not available one or water and may be saved. Had this not two of our topedo-boats. With this ar