Saltonstall, DUDLEY, naval officer; born in New London, Conn., Sept. 8, 1738; nephew of Gurdon Saltonstall; appointed captain in the navy by the Continental Congress; commanded the fleet at the unsuccessful attempt on the British post on the Penobscot in 1779. He died in the West Indies in 1796. Saltonstall, GURDON, clergyman; born in Haverville, Mass., March 27, 1666; great-grandson of Sir Richard Saltonstall; was graduated at Harvard College in 1684; ordained in New London, Conn., in 1691; and was distinguished as an orator. He became influential in politics, and in 1707 was made governor of Connecticut, which post he held till his death in New London, Sept. 20, 1724. Saltonstall, SIR RICHARD, colonist; born in Halifax, England, in 1586. He, with others, signed an agreement, Aug. 26, 1629, to settle permanently in New England, provided that the government be transferred to them and the other colonists. The proposition was accepted and he was made first assistant to Governor Winthrop, with whom he arrived in New England on June 22, 1630. He returned to England in 1631, but continued his interest in the colony. He died in England about 1658. Salutes. A salute with cannon is a certain number of guns fired in succession with blank cartridges, in honor of a person, to celebrate an event, or to show respect to the flag of a country. The national salute, which is fired at noon, July 4, at each military post or camp provided with artillery, is one gun for each State in the Union. The salute to a national flag or international salute is twenty-one guns. The international salute is the only one that is returned. The following are the personal salutes: To the President of the United States (given on both arrival at and departure from a military post, or when passing the vicinity; no other personal salute is fired in his presence), twenty-one guns. To the Vice President of the United States and the president of the Senate, nineteen guns. To members of the cabinet, chief-justice of the United States, speaker of the House of Representatives, governors (with in their respective States or Territories), seventeen guns. To a committee of Congress, officially visiting a military post or station, sev enteen guns. To a general-in-chief, field-marshal, or admiral, seventeen guns. To a lieutenant-general or vice-admiral, fifteen guns. To a major - general or rear - admiral, thirteen guns. To a brigadier-general or commodore, eleven guns. To officers of marines, volunteer forces, and militia when in the service of the United States, a salute according to rank. Commanders of divisions, of squadrons of divisions, of a senior officer present, and the narrow pennant of other officers, no salute; but when these officers salute an officer of superior rank, they are to receive, if a captain, a return salute of nine guns; if a less rank, seven guns. Return salutes of officers holding equal rank, gun for gun. No vessel mounting less than six guns allowed to salute. (An officer assigned to duty, according to brevet rank, is entitled to the salute prescribed for the grade to which assigned.) When several persons, each of whom is entitled to a salute, arrive together at a post, the one highest in rank or position is alone saluted; if they arrive successively each is saluted in turn. As a rule a personal salute is fired when the personage entitled to it enters the port or station. To the sovereign or chief magistrate of any foreign country, twenty-one guns. To members of the royal family-namely, the heir-apparent and consort of the reigning sovereign of a foreign country, twenty-one guns. To the viceroy, governor general, or governors of provinces belonging to forcign states, seventeen guns. To ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary, seventeen guns. To envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary, fifteen guns. To ministers resident, accredited to the United States, thirteen guns. To chargés d'affaires, or subordinate diplomatic agents left in charge of missions in the United States, eleven guns. United States, nine guns. To consuls general, accredited to the an officer; was appointed governor of Louisiana in 1724. His administration To officers of foreign services, visiting was marked by inefficiency. On Nov. 29, any military post or station (provided with artillery), in accordance with their rank. 1729, the Natchez Indians, after being exasperated by evil persons, massacred all the male inhabitants in their country. French prestige by sending against the Natchez an expedition of 1,000 men, who took several hundred prisoners and sent them to Santo Domingo, where they were sold as slaves. Salvert returned to France in 1733. Salvation Army, a quasi-military Later Périer endeavored to restore the organization for mission work, using, as special means, a uniform, out-door processions, with banners and music, and religious talks in the streets, public halls, theatres, etc. The army is an outgrowth of the East London Christian Revival Society, or, as afterwards called, the "Christian Mission," established in London by Rev. William Booth, in 1865. Its aims are: First, to go to the people with the message of salvation; second, to attract the people; third, to save the people; fourth, to employ the people in salvation work. Their motto is "Blood and Fire." It publishes many weekly newspapers and monthly magazines. 1872 William Booth holds his first open-air ..... First Rescue-home in England begun 1879 1880 1880 1884 Oct., 1884 Continental congress of Salvation Army of the United States begins its session in New York City......Nov. 21, 1884 Ballington Booth appointed commander in the United States.... 1887 Ballington Booth resigns and organizes the "Volunteers of America ".. 1896 Salvert, PERIER DU, colonial governor; born in France about 1690; entered the French navy, in which service he became Salzburgers, the colony of seventyeight persons, representing forty-two families, who, under persecution, left their homes in the archbishopric of Salzburg, Bavaria; arrived in Savannah, Ga., in March, 1734, and under the direction of Oglethorpe located "about 30 miles in the interior." See GEORGIA; OGLETHORPE, JAMES EDWARD. Sam Adams Regiments, the name applied by Lord North to the 14th and 29th regiments of British soldiers, which had been stationed in Boston for more than a year when the massacre of 1770 occurred, in which CRISPUS ATTUCKS (see BOSTON), among others, was killed. A formal demand for the immediate removal of these troops from the city was made on Governor Hutchinson by a committee of which Samuel Adams was chairman. The British authorities proposed to compromise. the trouble by sending away the 29th Regiment, but Adams insisted on both regiments or none. He stirred up such a commotion in the streets of the city that both regiments were ordered away within a few hours. Samana Bay. See SANTO DOMINGO. Samar, an island of the Visayan group of the Philippine Islands. It is the most eastern of the group; is about 250 miles southeast of the island of Luzon; has an area of 56,000 square miles, and a popu lation of about 185,000, of which about in an almost savage state. The island is 10,000 are natives living in the mountains traversed by mountain ranges; it is without established roads, and the only means of communication between its various parts are the trails laid out by the American troops under General Hughes. On Sept. 28, 1901, there was a sudden rising of the natives, who had been regarded as friendly to the Americans, and attacked Company The group consists of ten inhabited and C, 9th United States Infantry, near Balan- two uninhabited islands, with an area of giga. The natives surprised the troops while 1,700 square miles and an aggregate poputhe latter were at breakfast, fought them lation, according to latest estimates, of with bollos, captured all the stores and 36,000 people, of which something over ammunitions of the company and nearly 200 are British subjects, 125 Germans, 25 all the rifles, and killed forty-eight mem- Americans, 25 French, and 25 of other bers of the company. The last previous in- nationalities, while the remainder are telligence from Samar was under date of natives of the Polynesian race. The bulk July 27, 1901, which noted the surrender of the population is located in the three of 500 natives, with two field-guns, twenty islands of Upolou, Savaii, and Tutuila, the rifles, and seventy bollos to the Americans. number in Upolou being 16,600, in Savaii Samoan, formerly known as Naviga- 12,500, and in Tutuila 3,700. The islands tor, Islands, a group of twelve islands are of volcanic origin, but fertile, proin the Southern Pacific Ocean. They are ducing cocoa-nuts, cotton, sugar, and coffee, located about 2,000 miles south and 300 the most important, however, being cocoamiles west of the Hawaiian Islands and nuts, from which the copra of comfourteen degrees south of the equator. They merce is obtained by drying the kernel of lie in an almost direct line between San the cocoa-nut, the copra, which is ex A NATIVE VILLAGE, SAMOA. ported to Europe and the United States, being used in the manufacture of cocoa-nut oil. The exportation of copra from the islands in 1896 amounted to 12,565,909 lbs., valued at $231,372. A considerable proportion of this was exported to the United States, a larger proportion, however, to Germany, whose citizens control its commerce through a trading company which has long been established there. The cocoa-nut and copra productions, however, vary greatly from year to year, owing to the fact that many of the cocoa-nut trees have been destroyed in recent wars between native factions, a single individual being able, by cutting out the crown of the tree, to permanently destroy in two minutes' time the fruit-bearing qualities of trees which require several years for their growth. Francisco and Australia and slightly south of the direct steamship line connecting the Philippines with the proposed Panama or Nicaraguan interoceanic canals. Their especial importance, therefore, lies more The government of the Samoan Islands in their position as coaling and repair had been from time immemorial under stations on these great highways of com- the two royal houses of Malietoa and merce rather than in their direct com- Tupea, except on the island of Tutuila, mercial value, their population being small and their imports and exports of comparatively little importance. which was governed by native chiefs. In 1873, at the suggestion of foreign residents, a house of nobles and a house of representatives were established, with second, all civil suits between natives and Malietoa, Laupepa, and the chief of the foreigners or between foreigners of difroyal house of Tupea as joint kings. Sub- ferent nationalities; third, all crimes sequently Malietoa became sole king. In committed by natives against foreign 1887 he was deposed by the German gov- ers or committed by such foreigners as ernment upon the claim of unjust treat- are not subject to any consular jurisment of German subjects, who formed the diction. bulk of the foreign population on the island, and was deported first to German New Guinea and then to the Cameroons, in Africa, and finally in 1888 to Hamburg, Tamasese, a native chief, being meantime proclaimed by the Germans as king, though against the protest of the British and American consuls at Samoa. Mataafa, a near relative of Malietoa, made war upon Tamasese and succeeded to the kingship. In 1889 a conference between the representatives of the American, British, and German governments was held at Berlin, at which a treaty was signed by the three powers guaranteeing the neutrality of the islands, in which the citizens of the three signatory powers would have equal rights of residence, trade, and personal protection. They agreed to recognize the independence of the Samoan government and the free rights of the natives to elect their chief or king and choose a form of government according to their own laws and customs. A supreme court was established, consisting of one judge styled the chief-justice of Samoa. To this court were referred: First, all civil suits concerning real property situated in Samoa: The future alienation of lands was prohibited, with certain specified exemptions. The capital was located at Apia, the chief town of the group of islands, and a local administration provided for the municipal district of Apia. A commission was appointed to investigate titles to land alleged to have been purchased from the natives, and this in 1894 completed its labors, confirming about 75,000 acres of land to Germans, 36,000 to British, and 21,000 to Americans, though much of this land has since changed hands. Malietoa, who had been deported, was restored as king in November, 1889, and continued as such until his death, which occurred Aug. 22, 1898, when the consuls of the three powers, with the chief-justice as president, took charge of the administration pending the election of a successor. Out of the election and recognition of this successor to King Malietoa, deceased, serious disagreements between the local representatives of the three governments maintaining the joint protectorate over the islands occurred. These were followed in 1899 by a new agreement between the three nations, which has been been described as follows: The treaty bears date at Washington, Dec. 2, 1899, and after reciting its purpose to be to adjust amicably questions between the three powers in respect to the Samoan group, and to avoid future misunderstandings, proceeds textually as follows: Article I. The general act concluded and signed by the aforesaid powers at Berlin on the 14th day of June, A.D. 1899, and all previous treaties, conventions, and agreements relating to Samoa are annulled. Art. II. Germany renounces in favor of the United States of America all her rights and claims over and in respect to the island of Tutuila and all other islands of the Samoan group east of long. 171 deg. W. of Greenwich. Great Britain in like manner renounces in favor of the United States of America all her rights and claim over and in respect to the island of Tutuila and all other islands of the Samoan group east of long. 171 deg. W. of Greenwich. Reciprocally, the United States of America renounces in favor of Germany all their rights and claims over and in respect to the islands of Upolou and Savall, and all other islands of the Samoan group west of long. 171 deg. W. of Greenwich. Art. III. It is understood and agreed that each of the three signatory powers shall continue to enjoy in respect to their commerce the Samoan group privileges and conditions equal to those enjoyed by the sovereign power in all ports which may be open to the commerce of either of them. and commercial vessels in all the islands of Art. IV. The present convention shall be ratified as soon as possible and shall come into force immediately after the exchange of ratifications. A separate treaty was negotiated to cover the provisions for the settlement of claims in Samoa. It sets forth that the three governments are "desirous of effecting a prompt and satisfactory settlement of the claims of the citizens and subjects of their respective countries resident in the Samoan Islands on account of recent military operations conducted there, and have concluded a convention for the accomplishment of this end by arbitration." The King of Sweden and Norway is made arbitrator, and he is not only to determine the amount of claims, but is to decide to "what extent either of the three governments is bound, alone or jointly with the others, to make good these losses." The nature of the claims to be adjusted is set forth in Article I. of this treaty, as follows: "All claims put forward by American citIzens or German or British subjects, respectively, whether individuals or companies, for compensation on account of losses which they allege that they have suffered in consequence of unwarranted military action, if this be shown to have occurred, on the part of Americans, German or British officers, between the 1st of January last and the arrival of the joint commission in Samoa, shall be decided by arbitration in conformity with the prin ciples of international law or considerations of equity." There is also a provision to the effect that "either of the three governments named, with the consent of the others, previously obtained in every case, submit to the King for arbitration similar claims of persons, not being natives, who are under the protection of that government and who are not included in the above-mentioned categories." The agreement provides for the exchange of ratifications four months from the date of its signature, which is the 7th of November last, or earlier if possible. Island of Tutuila and Pago-Pago Harbor.-The harbor of Pago-Pago, in the island of Tutuila, the southernmost of the group, was ceded to the United States for a naval and coaling station, first in 1872, and afterwards confirmed by a treaty signed in Washington, Jan. 17, 1878, and ratifications exchanged on Feb. 13 of the same year, by which the United States was given the right to establish at that harbor a station for coaling, naval supplies, freedom of trade, commercial treatment as a favored nation, and extra-territorial consular jurisdiction. This harbor was occupied by the United States in 1898, with the purpose of utilizing its advantages as a coaling and supply station. Tutuila, the island upon whose coast this harbor is located, has a population of 3,700 and an area of 54 square miles, while Upolou has an area of 340 square miles, and Savaii 659 square miles. By the above agreement the German and British governments withdrew their claims to this island in favor of the United States. See ΑΡΙΑ. Samoset, chief of the Pemaquid Indians; born in New England about 1590. In March, 1621, a naked Indian, who had learned a few words of English from the fishermen at Pemaquid, suddenly appeared in the streets of Plymouth, Mass., and startled the Pilgrims by the exclamation, "Welcome, Englishmen! Welcome, Englishmen!" He was Samoset, and gave them much information. He told them of the plague that had swept off the Indians about four years before, and that the place where they were seated was called Patuxet. He told them of MASSASOIT (q. v.). He brought to the settlement some of the friendly Indians, among them Squanto, whom Weymouth had kidnapped |