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was the first Englishman who described and Vanderbilt University in 1874-94; the White Mountains, for he went to the and for more than thirty years was a source of the Saco River in a canoe. In 1630 the Plymouth Company gave Rich ard Vines and John Oldham each a tract of land on the Saco River, 4 miles wide on the sea, and extending 8 miles inland.

Sacramento, capital of the State of California, was early known as New Helvetia and a trading-post. It was settled by JOHN A. SUTTER (q. v.); became a place of large importance on the discovery of gold by James W. Marshall, the first building being erected in 1849; and was made the State capital in 1854. Population in 1900, 29,282.

After

Sacramento, BATTLE OF THE. the battle of BRACETI (q. v.), Col. Alexander W. Doniphan entered El Paso without opposition, and sent a messenger to hurry up artillery which he had sent for to Santa Fé. It arrived on Feb. 1, 1847, and on the 11th he set out for Chihuahua in search of General Wool. After marching 145 miles he learned that Wool was not at Chihuahua. He pressed forward, however, and halted near the Sacramento River, about 18 miles from the city of Chihuahua, in the State of the same name. There he was confronted (Feb. 28) by about 4,000 Mexican cavalry, infantry, and artillery. After a contest of about three hours, the Mexicans were routed by the men under Doniphan. Twelve of their cannon were captured, with ammunition and other munitions of war. The loss of the Mexicans was about 600 men; of the Americans, eighteen. Doniphan then pressed forward, and entered Chihuahua, a city of 40,000 in habitants, without opposition, and planted the American flag upon its citadel. He took formal possession of the province in the name of the United States. After resting there six weeks, Doniphan pushed forward and joined Wool at Saltillo (May 22). See MEXICO, WAR WITH.

member of the State board of health. He is author of Geology Reconnoissance of Tennessee; Geology of Tennessee; and many papers on geological subjects.

Safford, WILLIAM HARRISON, lawyer; born in Parkersburg, Va., Feb. 19, 1821; was educated at Asbury Academy, Parkersburg, Va.; admitted to the bar in 1842; began practice in Chillicothe, O., in 1848: served in the State Senate in 1858-60; and was judge of the second sub-division of the fifth judicial circuit of Ohio in 1868-74. He is author of Life of Blennerhassett and The Blennerhassett Papers.

Sag Harbor, EXPEDITION TO. Early in 1777 the British gathered much forage at Sag Harbor, at the eastern end of Long Island, protected by an armed schooner and a company of infantry. General Parsons, in command in Connecticut, sent Lieutenant-Colonel Meigs with 170 men in thirty whale-boats to capture or destroy their forage. They landed near Southold, carried their boats across to a bay, about 15 miles, and, re-embarking, landed before daylight about 4 miles from Sag Harbor. They took the place by surprise, May 25, killing six men and capturing ninety. They burned the forage and twelve vessels, and returned without the loss of a man.

Sage, HENRY WILLIAM, philanthropist; born in Middletown, Conn., Jan. 31, 1814; acquired a large fortune in the lumber trade, and will be remembered best for his benefactions to Cornell University. He was elected one of the trustees in 1870, and from 1875 till his death president of the board. His gifts to Cornell include the Sage College for Women, cost $266,000; the Sage School of Philosophy, $200,000; University Library Building, $260,000; and endowment, $300,000; the Susan Safford, JAMES MERRILL, geologist; E. Linn Sage chair of philosophy and born in Putnam (now Zanesville), O., home for the Sage professors of philosoAug. 13, 1822; graduated at the Ohio phy. $61,000; the Sage Chapel; and the State University in 1844; Professor of Museum of Classical Archæology. His Natural Science in Cumberland Univer- various gifts aggregated about $1,250,000 sity, Lebanon, Tenn., in 1848-72; during in value. He died in Ithaca, N. Y., Sept. which time (1854-60 and since 1871) he 17, 1897. After his death his sons, Dean was State Geologist of Tennessee; Pro- Sage, of Albany, and William H. Sage, of fessor of Chemistry in the medical de- Ithaca, presented the university, for a partment of the University of Nashville student's hospital, the Sage mansion,

valued at $80,000, a full equipment, and plump and generally handsome; and some an endowment of $100,000.

Sage, RUSSELL, capitalist; born in Shenandoah, N. Y., Aug. 4, 1816; received a public school education; and till 1857 was engaged in mercantile pursuits in Troy. He was elected alderman in 1841 and 1848; served as treasurer of Rensselaer county for seven years; was in Congress as a Whig in 1853-57; later became interested in railroads; removed to New York City in 1863 and engaged in business in Wall Street; and for many years has been closely connected with the affairs of the Union Pacific Railroad. On Dec. 4, 1891, a man named Norcross obtained access to Mr. Sage's office; secured an interview with the millionaire; demanded from him $1,200,000 in cash; and, on Mr. Sage's refusal to pay the money, pulled a small dynamite bomb from a satchel in his hand, and dashed it on the floor. The explosion that followed killed Norcross, seriously injured Mr. Sage, wounded a clerk so severely that he died soon afterwards, and partially wrecked the building. At the time of the outrage William R. Laidlaw, Jr., a clerk for a banking firm, was in Mr. Sage's office. He claimed that Mr. Sage seized him and held him as a shield for his own person, with a result that Laidlaw was also severely injured. Soon afterwards he began suit against Mr. Sage for damages. After many delays a jury awarded him a handsome sum, whereupon Mr. Sage appealed to the higher court, and the matter is still (1905) in litigation.

of the tribes, especially the Nez Percés, are neat in their personal appearance. With the exception of the latter, none of the Sahaptin nation have figured in the history of the republic. See NEZ PERCÉS INDIANS.

Sailor's Creek, a small tributary of the Appomattox River in Virginia, the scene of an engagement on April 6, 1865, between Sheridan's cavalry and the 2d and 6th Corps of the Army of the Potomac and the Confederates of the Army of Northern Virginia under Generals Ewell, Anderson, Pickett, and Bushrod Johnson. Ewell's corps was captured and the divisions of Anderson, Pickett, and Johnson almost broken up, about 10,000 men in all being captured. This action is variously known as the battle of Sailor's Creek, Harper's Farm, and Deatonsville.

St. Albans, a city and county seat of Franklin county, Vt., near Lake Champlain. On Oct. 19, 1864, a party of armed Confederate refugees in Canada, under the leadership of Lieut. Bennett H. Young, raided the town in the afternoon, and attacked the St. Albans, Franklin County, and First National banks. They overpowered the few employés of the banks then on duty, secured an aggregate of $211,150 in bank-notes, seized all the horses they could find, and rode off hastily towards Canada. The party numbered between thirty and forty, and the entire proceeding occupied only about twenty minutes. Nearly the entire party was subsequently captured by the Canadian authorities.

Sahaptin Indians, a family regarded as a distinct nation of Indians within the In 1867 the town was again a centre of domains of the United States. It is one public interest. An invasion of Canada of the nine Columbian families in the from the United States had been arranged States of Oregon and Washington. Their for the spring by members of the Fenian country extends from the Dalles of the Brotherhood. Buffalo, N. Y., and Detroit, Columbia River to the Bitter Root Moun- Mich., were chosen as the principal rentains on both sides of the Columbia, and dezvous, and St. Albans, Vt., and Odgenson the forks of the Lewis and the Snake burg, N. Y., as depots for the accumulation and Sahaptin rivers. The nation includes of arms and stores, and as points of dethe NEZ PERCES (q. v.) or Sahaptins parture for subordinate contingents of proper, the Walla Wallas, and other clans the "army of invasion." The vigilance of of less importance. On the northern bor- the United States government and lack der are the Salish family, chiefly in the of harmony among the Fenian leaders preBritish possessions, and on the southern vented anything more serious than a borthe Shoshones. They are of medium stat- der excitement. ure; the men are brave and muscular, St. Andrew, BROTHERHOOD OF, an or and dignified in appearance; the women_ganization of men in the Protestant Epis

copal Church. Its sole object is the thirty-five of these separate brotherhoods.

It then was proposed to form them into one general Church organization. This was done in 1886. Since that time the Brotherhood has gone on growing, and has spread to all parts of the United States. There are now 1,220 active chapters, with a membership of 13,000 men.

spread of Christ's kingdom among men. It works under two rules, known as (1) The Rule of Prayer: To pray daily for the spread of Christ's kingdom among men, and that Christ's blessing may be upon the labors of the Brotherhood; and (2) The Rule of Service: To make an earnest effort each week to bring at least one man within St. Augustine, a city in Florida; the hearing of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. founded by Menendez in 1565; population The Brotherhood started in St. James's in 1900, 4,272. When Menendez gave up Church, Chicago, on St. Andrew's Day, the chase of the Frenchmen under Ribault 1883. It takes its name from the apostle (see HUGUENOTS), he turned back towards who, when he had found the Messiah, the Florida coasts, entered an estuary in a first found his own brother Simon and boat manned by six oarsmen, leaving his brought him to Jesus. This Brotherhood large flag-ship at anchor outside, and, acin St. James's parish was started simply companied by his chaplain, Mendoza, and as a parochial organization, with no followed by other boats filled with "genthought of its extending beyond the limits tlemen" and ecclesiastics, he went ashore, of the parish. Its work, however, was while trumpets sounded, drums beat, canso successful in bringing men to church nons thundered, and flags waved. The that attention was called to it, and other chaplain walked at head of the procession, brotherhoods, having the same objects bearing a large cross and chanting a hymn.

A BIT OF OLD ST. AUGUSTINE.

and the same rules, were formed in other parishes in Chicago and in different parts of the country. In 1886 there were about

Menendez followed with his train, and carrying in his own hand the standard of Spain unfurled. Mendoza, arrayed in rich sacerdotal garments, kissed the cross, and then planted it in the sand by the side of the staff that upheld the royal standard, and against which leaned a shield bearing the arms of Spain. Then, after all had done homage to the priest, Menendez took formal possession of the country in the name of Philip of Spain. With such consecration he laid the foundation of the city of St. Augustine. From that spot he marched to the destruction of the Huguenots on the St. John, and there the unfortunate Ribault and his followers were slain (see RIBAULT, JEAN). Such was the human sacrifice at the founding of St. Augustine, now the oldest town in the United States.

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Soon after the beginning of "Queen divisions to the attack. The governor, Anne's War" (see ANNE, QUEEN), Gov- with the main division, went by sea to ernor Moore, of South Carolina, pro- blockade the harbor, and the remainder, posed an expedition against the Span- under Colonel Daniels, proceeded along the iards at St. Augustine. The Assembly coast. The latter arrived first and plunappropriated $10,000 for the service. dered the town, the Spaniards retiring An army of 1,200 men (one-half Ind- within their fortress with provisions for ians) was raised, and proceeded in two four months. Their position was impreg

the

Augustine, and imprisoned, when they were required a second time to give their parole to keep within certain limits as the price of their release from close confinement. Among the prisoners was sturdy patriot COL. CHRISTOPHER GADSDEN (q. v.). He had been treacherously taken from his bed at night and conveyed on board a prison-ship. Gadsden was required by the commanding officer at St. Augustine to give his parole. He refused, saying he had already given his parole and kept it inviolate, that his rights as a paroled prisoner had been violated, and that he would not trust his persecutors again. The commander haughtily said he would hear no arguments, and demanded an explicit answer whether Gadsden would or would not give his parole. "I will not," answered Gadsden, firmly. "In God I put my trust, and fear no consequences." He was confined in a loathsome prison, apart from his fellow-patriots, until exchanged, in July, 1781, eleven months after the surrender at Charleston.

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nable, for the Carolinians had no artillery. Daniels went to Jamaica to procure battering cannon, but before his return two Spanish war-vessels appeared. Governor Moore raised the blockade and fled. This expedition burdened the colony with a debt of more than $26,000, for the pay. ment of which bills of credit were issued -the first emission of paper money in South Carolina. Oglethorpe, having been joined by a South Carolina regiment and a company of Highlanders, marched with his whole force, about 2,000 strong, to Fɔrt Moosa, within 2 miles of St. Augustine, in May, 1740. The Spanish garrison evacuated the fort and fled into the town. Oglethorpe proceeded to reconnoitre the town and castle, and, finding they had more than 1,000 defenders, determined to turn the siege into a blockade with some ships lying at anchor near the bar. Having disposed troops so as to hold important points, Oglethorpe, with the remainder, went to the island of Anastasia, lying opposite, from which he might bombard the castle. After planting batteries there he summoned the Spanish governor to surrender; but, secure in his stronghold, he sent word to Oglethorpe that he should be glad to shake hands with him in his castle. Indignant at this reply, the general opened his batteries against the castle, and, at the same time, threw a number of bombshells into the town. The fire was returned with spirit from the castle and armed ships, but the distance was so great that very little damage was done. Meanwhile a party of Spaniards went out and attacked the Georgian garrison at Fort Moosa and cut it in pieces. The Chickasaw Indians with Oglethorpe, offended at some incautious expression of Boscawen's fleet to America in 1758. He his, deserted him, and the Spaniards by some means received a reinforcement of 700 men. All prospects of success began to fade. The Carolina troops, enfeebled by the heat of the climate and dispirited by much sickness, marched away in considerable numbers; and the naval commanders thought it imprudent to remain longer on the coast, for the season of hurricanes was nigh. The enterprise was accordingly abandoned in July.

In violation of the capitulation at Charleston, many of the patriotic citizens were torn from their families, taken to St.

St. Brandan (or Brendan), abbot of Cluainfert, Ireland; died May 16, 577. According to a popular story of the Middle Ages, he with seventy-five monks spent seven years on an island far in the Atlantic Ocean. The island was believed to be visible from the Canaries.

St. Clair, ARTHUR, military officer; born in Thurso, Caithness, Scotland, in 1734; was a grandson of the Earl of Roslyn, and was educated at the University of Edinburgh. He studied medicine under the celebrated Hunter, of London, but inheriting a large sum of money from his mother, he purchased an ensign's commission in a regiment of foot (May 13, 1757) and came in

was with Amherst at the capture of Louisburg, and, promoted to lieutenant in April, 1759, distinguished himself, under Wolfe, at Quebec. In May, 1760, he married, at Boston, a half-sister of Governor Bowdoin; resigned his commission in 1762, and in 1764 settled in Ligonier Valley, Pa., where he established mills and built a fine dwelling-house. Having held, by appointment, several civil offices of trust, he became a colonel of militia in 1775, and in the fall of that year accompanied Pennsylvania commissioners to treat with the Western Indians at Fort Pitt. As colonel of the

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