CirrusDavid K. Lynch Oxford University Press, 2002 - 480 páginas Cirrus clouds are high, thin, tropospheric clouds composed predominately of ice. In the last ten years, considerable work has shown that cirrus is widespread--more common than previously believed--and has a significant impact on climate and global change. As the next generation weather satellites are being designed, the impact of cirrus on remote sensing and the global energy budget must be recognized and accommodated. This book, the first to be devoted entirely to cirrus clouds, captures the state of knowledge of cirrus and serves as a practical handbook as well. Each chapter is based on an invited review talk presented at Cirrus, a meeting hosted by the Optical Society of America and co-sponsored by the American Geophysical Union and the American Meteorological Society. All aspects of cirrus clouds are covered, an approach that reaches into diverse fields. Topics include: the definition of cirrus, cirrus climatologies, nucleation, evolution and dissipation, mixed-phase thermodynamics, crystallinity, orientation mechanisms, dynamics, scattering, radiative transfer, in situ sampling, processes that produce or influence cirrus (and vice versa), contrails, and the influence of cirrus on climate. |
Conteúdo
History and Definition | 3 |
A Modern Perspective | 11 |
3 Ice Crystals in Cirrus | 41 |
Microphysical Properties | 78 |
5 Laboratory Studies of Cirrus Cloud Processes | 102 |
A Satellite Perspective | 136 |
7 Satellite Remote Sensing of Cirrus | 147 |
8 Groundbased Remote Sensing of Cirrus Clouds | 168 |
Light Scatting and Spectral Information | 265 |
14 On Cirrus Modeling for General Circulation and Climate Models | 297 |
15 GCM Simulations of Cirrus for Climate Studies | 310 |
Progress Problems and Prospects | 327 |
A Review of Observational Results | 346 |
Concepts and Models | 375 |
A Mesoscale Modeling Perspective | 397 |
20 Cirrus Climate and Global Change | 433 |
9 MolecularBackscatter Lidar Profiling of the VolumeScattering Coefficient in Cirrus | 197 |
10 Structural and Optical Properties of Cirrus from LIRADtype Observations | 211 |
11 Contrail Cirrus | 231 |
12 Subvisual Cirrus | 256 |
The Future | 449 |
Chapter 2 Plates Cirrus Case Studies | 457 |
469 | |
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Termos e frases comuns
absorption aerosol aircraft albedo anvil Appl Atmos atmosphere backscatter calculated cirrus clouds climate cloud forcing cloud properties cloud top condensation contrails convective derived distribution droplets dynamical ECMWF effects emissivity equation extinction coefficient Figure flux freezing GCMs Geophys global growth Hallett heating heterogeneous Heymsfield high cloud horizontal ice clouds ice crystals ice particles ice water content infrared ISCCP Lett lidar Liou measurements mesoscale Meteor method microphysical properties mid-latitude Minnis nucleation observations optical depth optical properties optical thickness parameterization parameters phase function Platt polarization precipitation probes processes profiles properties of cirrus radar radiance radiation radiative forcing radiative properties radiative transfer ratio regions relative humidity remote sensing retrieval satellite saturation scale scattering simulation solar spectra Starr stratospheric studies supersaturation surface Takano temperature thin cirrus tion tropical tropopause turbulence updrafts upper troposphere values velocity vertical W/m² water path water vapor wave wavelengths