CHAPTER XX. UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, AND TECHNOLOGICAL SCHOOLS. Contents.-Number of institutions-Professors and instructors-Retirement of college professors— Preceptors at Princeton University-Changes in programme of studies in Columbia UniversityStudents-Degrees-Property-Income-State taxation for higher education-Benefactions-Statis tical tables. The total number of institutions included in the tables of this chapter is 619, of which number 122 admit women only. Of the 453 universities and colleges included in Table 30, men only are admitted to the undergraduate departments of 131 institutions, while 322 are open to both men and women. Of the 44 schools of technology included in Table 37, women are reported in the undergraduate departments of 22 institutions. The following-named institutions were reported as having been closed: Austin College, Effingham, Ill.; Gaston College, Dallas, N. C.; Martin Female College, Pulaski, Tenn. The following changes have been made: French American College, Springfield, Mass., changed name to American International College; Dakota University, Mitchell, S. Dak., changed name to Dakota Wesleyan University; Williamston Female College, Williamston, S. C., changed name and location to Lander College, Greenwood, S. C.; Washington Agricultural College and School of Science, Pullman, Wash., changed name to State College of Washington. PROFESSORS AND INSTRUCTORS. The total number of professors and instructors in all departments of these institutions was reported as 18,221 men and 4,392 women. The number in undergraduate departments was 11,038 men and 3,213 women, including 386 men and 1,530 women in Division B of colleges for women who were not classified as to departments. The average number of teachers in undergraduate departments is 23. RETIREMENT OF COLLEGE PROFESSORS. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching was incorporated by an act of Congress approved March 10, 1906. One of the objects of the corporation is to provide retiring allowances for professors of universities, colleges, and technical schools in the United States, Canada, and Newfoundland, and to it has been committed the administration of the fund of $10,000,000 given for that purpose by Mr. Andrew Carnegie in April, 1905. On account of the varying standards of the institutions for higher education in this country, the corporation has found it necessary, in the administration of the fund for the retirement of professors of colleges, to define the term college. The requirements adopted by the corporation are the same practically as those in force in the States of New York and Pennsylvania for the chartering of colleges, and are as follows: An institution to be ranked as a college must have at least six professors giving their entire time to college and university work, a course of four full years in liberal arts and sciences, and should require for admission not less than the usual four years of academic or high school preparation, or its equivalent, in addition to the preacademic or grammar school studies. It must also have a productive endowment fund of not less than $200,000. The act of incorporation provides that "retiring pensions shall be paid to such teachers only as are or have been connected with institutions not under control of a sect or which do not require their trustees, their officers, faculties, or students (or a majority thereof) to belong to any specified sect, and which do not impose any theological test as a condition of entrance therein or of connection therewith." In the matter of sectarian control the corporation has made the following regulations for the admission of institutions to the benefits of the fund: 1. Universities, colleges, and technical schools of requisite academic grade, not owned or controlled by a religious organization, and whose acts of incorporation or charters specifically provide that no denominational or sectarian test shall be applied in the choice of trustees, officers, or teachers, nor in the admission of students. 2. In the cases of institutions not owned or controlled by a religious organization, and in which no specific statement concerning denominational tests is made in the charters or acts of incorporation, the trustees of such institutions shall be asked to certify by a resolution to the trustees of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, that notwithstanding the lack of specific prohibition in the charter, "no denominational test is imposed in the choice of trustees, officers, or teachers, or in the admission of students, nor are distinctly denominational tenets or doctrines taught to the students." The question as to whether State institutions shall share in the fund has not been decided, and its consideration has been postponed until the meeting of the trustees in November, 1906. The following rules governing the retirement of professors with an allowance have been made by the corporation. 1. Age. To be eligible for retirement on the ground of age a teacher must have reached the age of 65 and must have been for fifteen years professor in a higher institution of learning. Whether a professor's connection as a teacher with his institution shall cease at an earlier or later age than 65 is a matter solely within the jurisdiction of the professor himself and the authorities of the institution in which he serves. 2. Long service.-To be eligible for retirement on the ground of length of service a teacher must have had twenty-five years' service as a professor in a higher institution of learning. It is not necessary that the whole of the service shall have been given in accepted colleges, universities, or technical schools. In no case shall any allowance be paid to a teacher who continues to give the whole or part of his time to the work of teaching as a member of the instructing staff of a college or technical school. Rules for the granting of normal retiring allowances. 1. A normal retiring allowance is considered to be one awarded to a professor in an accepted university, college, or technical school on the ground of either age or length of service. The term professor, as here used, is understood to include presidents, deans, professors, associate professors, and assistant professors in institutions of higher learning. 2. Retiring allowances shall be granted under the following rules, upon the application of the institution with which the professor is connected, and in the application it should be clearly set forth whether the retiring allowance is recommended on the ground of age or service. 3. In reckoning the amount of the retiring allowance the average salary for the last five years of active service shall be considered the active pay. 4. Any person 65 years of age, and who has had not less than fifteen years of service as a professor, and who is at the time a professor in an accepted institution, shall be entitled to an annual retiring allowance computed as follows: (a) For an active pay of $1,600 or less, an allowance of $1,000, provided no retiring allowance shall exceed 90 per cent of the active pay. (b) For an active pay greater than $1,600 the retiring allowance shall equal $1,000, increased by $50 for each $100 of active pay in excess of $1,600. (c) No retiring allowance shall exceed $3,000. 5. Any person who has had a service of twenty-five years as a professor, and who is at the time a professor in an accepted institution, shall be entitled to a retiring allowance computed as follows: (a) For an active pay of $1,600 or less, a retiring allowance of $800, provided that no retiring allowance shall exceed 80 per cent of the active pay. (b) For an active pay greater than $1,600 the retiring allowance shall equal $800, increased by $40 for each $100 of active pay in excess of $1.600. (c) For each additional year of service above twenty-five, the retiring allowance shall be increased by 1 per cent of the active pay. (d) No retiring allowance shall exceed $3,000. 6. Any person who has been for ten years the wife of a professor in actual service may receive during her widowhood one-half of the allowance to which her husband would have been entitled. 7. In the preceding rules, years of leave of absence are to be counted as years of service, but not exceeding one year in seven. Librarians, registrars, recorders, and administrative officers of long tenure, whose salaries may be classed with those of professors and assistant professors, are considered eligible to the benefits of a retiring allowance. 8. Teachers in the professional departments of universities whose principal work is outside the profession of teaching are not included. 9. The benefits of the foundation shall not be available to those whose active service ceased before April 16, 1905, the date of Mr. Carnegie's original letter to the trustees. 10. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching retains the power to alter these rules in such manner as experience may indicate as desirable for the benefit of the whole body of teachers. The corporation recognizes the fact that there may be occasionally exceptional cases of teachers in institutions below the grade prescribed for accepted institutions who should by reason of great merit or distinguished service be entitled to consideration. All such cases will be dealt with by the corporation through the individual and not through the institution with which the teacher may be connected. The president of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching is Henry S. Pritchett, LL. D., New York, N. Y. PRECEPTORS AT PRINCETON UNIVERSITY. In 1905 Princeton University made a notable addition to its faculty in the appointment of 47 preceptors with the rank of assistant professor. This large addition was rendered necessary by a change in the methods of instruction introduced into the university, by which it is intended to take the instruction as much as possible out of the formal class rooms and get it into the lives of the undergraduates. The preceptors, with very few exceptions, do not give instruction in class rooms as such, but devote themselves exclusively to private conferences with the students under their charge, guiding and directing their reading and encouraging them in every way possible in their work. President Wilson in his report for 1905 says that since the change was made the amount of work done by the students has increased amazingly, but what pleases them more is the character of the work done and the willingness and zest with which it is undertaken. The new appointments have not been made in the laboratory departments, where the students have been brought into close personal contact with the teachers, but in what may be called the reading courses. The departments in which the appointments have been made, with the number in each, are as follows: Philosophy, 5; history, politics, and economics, 8; art and archaeology, 1; classics, 11; English, 8; modern languages, 8; mathematics, 5; geology, 1. The degrees held by the preceptors are as follows: Ph. D., 34; Sc. D., 1; A. M., 6; A. B., 4; B. S., 1; B. Litt., 1. The universities conferring the Ph. D. degree on the preceptors and the number from each are as follows: Harvard, 7; Johns Hopkins, 5; Chicago, 4; Columbia, 3; Yale, 3; Bonn, 2; Cornell, 2; Halle, 2; Princeton, 2; Heidelberg (Germany), 1; Leipzig, 1; Michigan, 1; Pennsylvania, 1. The 47 preceptors represent in their first degrees 29 different institutions, Princeton leading with 9. CHANGES IN PROGRAMME OF STUDIES IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. On July 1, 1905, the new programme of studies in Columbia College went into effect. It removes the emphasis from the number of years spent in college and places it upon the character of the work done. Hereafter students will be admitted to the college in February at the beginning of the second half year as well as in September. They will be graduated whenever they have accomplished 124 points of work (a point representing class-room work of one hour a week for a half year, two hours of laboratory work being given the weight of one hour of class-room or lecture work). Provision is made by which excellence in scholarship is to receive additional credit, while poor work results in the withholding of credit for such work in more than one of the courses. By means of the system adopted the length of time to be consumed in the course depends largely on the student, a conscientious and faithful student being able to complete the course in three years. When a student has completed 72 points in the college, including all prescribed courses, he may substitute for the wide elective opportunity then offered him the curriculum of one of the professional schools of the university (excepting the law school). On the completion of two years of the professional curriculum the bachelor's degree will be conferred. To choose the curriculum of the law school the student must have completed in Columbia College 94 points of work, and the bachelor's degree will be conferred after one year's attendance on the law school course. The B. S. degree will hereafter be conferred by Columbia University on students who do not include ancient languages in their course of study, while the A. B. degree will be reserved for students who take at least one ancient language and its literature. STUDENTS. The total number of undergraduate and resident graduate students in universities and colleges for men and for both sexes, colleges for women (Division A), and in schools of technology is reported as 126,404, an increase of 8,375 over the number for the preceding year. The number of students for each year from 1889-90 to 1904-5 is as follows: Number of undergraduate and resident graduate students in universities, colleges, and schools of technology from 1889-90 to 1904-5. In addition to the number of students for 1905 mentioned above there were enrolled 11,213 in college departments and 106 in graduate departments of colleges for women (Division B). Of the institutions included in this chapter, 302 have less than 100 students each in undergraduate departments, and 24 have more than 1,000 each in those departments. The number of undergraduate students in the various courses of study, so far as reported, is as follows: Liberal arts (including all colleges for women). Commerce... Agriculture (including some special-course students). Mechanical engineering... Civil engineering... Electrical engineering.. Chemical engineering.. 82, 629 1,810 3, 197 6, 654 7,356 5, 204 759 General engineering (including unclassified first-year engineering students).. 1,893 Architecture.... Household economy. 569 849 The students classed under "general engineering courses" include a large number of first-year students in engineering in institutions where the work of the first year is the same for all of the various engineering courses, and where differentiation by courses does not take place until the beginning of the second year. Resident graduate students to the number of 6,935 were reported by 229 different institutions. Thirteen of the larger universities reported more than 100 graduate students each, and the total number of such students at the 13 institutions was 4,152. Of the total number of graduate students 2,004 are women. DEGREES. The total number of degrees and the number of each kind conferred on men and on women was as follows: The total number of Ph. D. degrees conferred on examination was 361, of which number 25 were conferred on women. Ten men received the degree from Illinois Wesleyan University for work done in absentia, and 11 institutions conferred it as an ED 1905-VOL 1 -38 |