CHAPTER XII.

MISCELLANEOUS EDUCATIONAL TOPICS.

CONTENTS.- -Instruction in forestry-The American system of agricultural education and research-The progress of educational reform in China.

INSTRUCTION IN FORESTRY.

The establishment of large forest reserves by the national and some of the State governments has created a demand for men well trained in the science of forestry to undertake the care, management, and development of such reserves; such specially trained men are likewise needed to take charge of large timber tracts owned by railroad and other corporations for the purpose of supplying timber for their needs.

For a long time the only instruction in forestry offered in this country was that in connection with the courses of study in agriculture in the land-grant colleges. This consisted, then as now, in the large majority of cases, of instruction in forestry of a very general nature, given, as a rule, about three times a week in one term of ten to twelve weeks, in either the junior or senior year of the course.

At the present time instruction in forestry is given by 44 institutions of high grade. Of this number, 37 are land-grant colleges established under the act of Congress approved July 2, 1862. In 36 of the 44 institutions the instruction forms a part of or may be elected in the regular agricultural or horticultural courses; 6 institutions offer regular four-year undergraduate courses in forestry, while in 2 institutions the instruction in forestry is intended only for students who have already completed an undergraduate college course of study.

The 6 institutions offering four-year undergraduate courses are the State universities of Iowa, Maine, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Ohio and the Michigan Agricultural College. These courses include a considerable amount of instruction in liberal studies, especially in modern languages, mathematics, and natural science. The technical study of forestry is generally limited to the last two years of the course.

The institutions whose work is limited to graduate students are Yale University and the University of Michigan.

The Yale Forest School of Yale University was founded in 1900 by a gift of $150,000 from Mr. and Mrs. James W. Pinchot and their sons. The endowment was increased by $50,000 in 1903 by Mr. and Mrs. James W. Pinchot and their son, Gifford Pinchot. The gift also provides for a summer school of forestry in Milford, Pa., where extensive facilities for field work are available. The work of the summer term of the junior year and of the spring term of the ED 1905 VOL 119 237

senior year is done at Milford, Pa., where buildings for lecture and laboratory purposes have been erected.

The scope of the instruction in forestry offered by the several institutions and the amount of time given thereto are as follows:

Alabama Polytechnic Institute.-Under the department of botany seniors may select for research and thesis work a course in forestry or plant culture. Instruction is given by Edwin M. Wilcox, Ph. D., professor of botany.

Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes (Alabama).—Instruction in forestry is given during the winter term (twelve weeks) of the senior year in the agricultural course.

University of Arkansas.—Instruction in forestry (two hours per week, half year) is offered to third and fourth year students in the department of horticulture. The instruction is given by Ernest Walker, B. S. Agr., professor of horticulture.

Colorado Agricultural College. The elements of forestry (five hours, thirteen weeks, senior year) is elective for agricultural students. Burton O. Longyear, B. S., is instructor in botany and forestry.

Yale University (Connecticut).-The regular course of study in the Yale Forest School extends through two years. The work is of an advanced and technical character and is designed for college graduates who already have had a thorough collegiate training in mathematics and natural science, and leads to the degree of master of forestry. The course of study is as follows:

Junior year.-Summer term: Surveying, two and one-half days per week, forest mensuration, two and one-half days per week. Fall term: Silviculture, two hours per week and field work; forest botany-general morphology of plants, six hours; physiography, two hours, with additional field work; mapping and office work, six hours; mechanical drawing, three hours. Winter term: Silviculture, two hours and field work; forest botany-general morphology of plants, six hours; forest physiography, two hours; mapping and office work, three hours; forest entomology, two hours; forest reserves, twelve lectures; forest hydrography, six lectures; State forest law, two hours. Spring term: Forest botany-plant physiology, six hours; silviculture, two hours lectures, eight hours field work; physiography, two hours and field work; diseases of trees, six hours.

Senior year.-Fall term: Forest technology, two hours lectures, six hours laboratory; forest management, four hours; forest administration and law, two hours; lumbering, four to five hours. Winter term: Forest technology, two hours lectures, six hours laboratory; forest management, four hours; lumbering, four to five hours; lumber trade and transportation, six to eight lectures; road construction, one hour; preservation of timber, six lectures; history of forestry, two hours; forest policy, six lectures; methods of Government field work, four lectures; forest fires and grazing, lectures. Spring term: Field work in topographic surveying and forest management at Milford, Pa. Special lecture courses: Fish culture, twelve lectures; game preservation, four to six lectures; packing and pack transportation, two weeks; forest entomology, four to six lectures; forestry in the Philippine Islands, twelve lectures; scope of forest planting, six lectures.

The entire work of the spring term of the senior year is transferred to Milford, Pa., where also is conducted the summer school in forestry, which is intended for those who do not wish to take or who are not ready for the more advanced technical courses at regular forest schools. The course covers a period of seven weeks and includes instruction in forest botany, silviculture, forest mensuration, introduction to forestry, forest protection, forest regions of the United States.

The instruction in forestry is given by Henry S. Graves, A. M., director of the Yale Forest School and Pinchot professor of forestry; Gifford Pinchot, A. M., and James W. Toumey, M. S., professors of forestry; Roy L. Marston, M. F., assistant professor of forestry; Arthur H. Graves, A. B., instructor in forest botany; Alexander W. Evans, Ph. D., assistant professor of botany; Arthur L. Dean, Ph. D., instructor in plant physiology; George E. Nichols, A. B., assistant in botany; Harry D. Tiemann, M. F., assistant in forest technology; and a number of lecturers drawn largely from the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Connecticut Agricultural College.-Study of practical forest management; reproduction, growth, and maturity of forest trees; destructive agencies in the forests; care of farm forests; study of native forest trees. (Fourth year, twelve weeks, three hours.)

A two-year course in forestry has been arranged for fifth and sixth year students. Lectures are given on silviculture, fundamental principles of forestry, propagation of forest trees, forest planting, timber measurements, timber physics, treatment of farm forests, United States and State reservations, and kindred subjects. The instruction is given by Edward A. White, B. S., professor of botany, forestry, and landscape architecture.

University of Florida.-A course of lectures on the principles of forestry, influences of forestry on climate, fruit growing; forest cropping, protection, use of Florida woods, etc., are taken up. (Senior year, first semester, four hours, elective for natural history and agricultural students.) Instruction is given by F. M. Rolfs, M. S., professor of botany and horticulture.

Georgia State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.-During the second term (half year) of the junior year two hours per week are given to instruction in forestry, entomology, apiculture, fungous diseases of plants, and vegetation. North Georgia Agricultural College.-Lectures on forest influences and methods of forest management, timbers, and forest products in senior year of agricultural course.

University of Idaho.-A practical and scientific acquaintance with all of the common forest trees in the State, their uses, preservation, and abundance. (One semester, four hours per week.) Instruction is given by Louis F. Henderson, Ph. B., professor of botany.

University of Illinois.-Forest trees and their natural uses, their distribution, and their artificial production; relations of forest and climate; forestry legislation and economy. (One semester, two hours per week.) Instruction is given by Thomas J. Burrill, LL. D., professor of botany.

Purdue University (Indiana).—Effects of forests upon climate; reasons for forest tree planting; influence of forests on the evaporation of moisture from the soil; effects of forests on the water supply of springs, creeks, and rivers; methods of propagating forest trees; comparison of the growth of different species under cultivation. (Elective for seniors in agricultural course.) Instruction given by Stanley Coulter, Ph. D., professor of biology.

Iowa College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.-Undergraduate work in forestry is offered as follows: Elementary forestry (sophomore year, second semester, three hours); silviculture (junior year, second semester, three hours); forest management and policy (senior year, second semester, three hours); wood technology (senior year, second semester, three hours). Graduate work is offered in problem of tree planting, studies of the native timber growth, prevention of erosion and reclamation of flood-damaged lands by tree planting, studies in the artificial preservation of timber. Instruction is given by Hugh P. Baker, M. F., assistant professor of forestry.

University of Iowa.-The four-year course in forestry leads to the B. S. degree. The technical courses in forestry included are: Silviculture (senior year, three hours); forest products (junior year, first semester, two hours); forest mensuration (junior year, first semester, two and one-half hours); lumbering (senior year, first semester, three hours); forestry in the United States (senior year, first semester, five hours); forest management (senior year, first semester, three hours); forest protection (senior year, first semester, two hours); history of forestry (senior year, first semester, one hour). Instruction is given by Bohumil Shimek, M. S., professor of physiological botany.

Kansas State Agricultural College.-Instruction in forestry is offered as an elective in the winter term of the fourth year. It presents the general principles and methods of forestry dealing with the relations of forests to public welfare, and the means of regulating and preserving forests.

Graduate instruction is offered in dendrology, forest technology, silviculture, and forest management. The instruction is provided in the department of horticulture, Albert Dickens, M. S., professor of horticulture.

Berea College (Kentucky).—Instruction is offered throughout the senior year as follows: Forest botany (fall term, five hours); forest influences and forest utility (winter term, lectures, three hours, library and field, two hours); forest management (spring term, five hours). The forestry department has acquired 2,000 acres of mountain land for field study. Silas C. Mason, M. S., is professor of horticulture and forestry.

University of Maine.-The undergraduate course in forestry extends through four years and leads to the B. S. degree. The instruction in forestry included in the course is as follows:

Freshman year: General forestry (half year, three hours).

Sophomore year: Forest botany (two hours; field and laboratory work, four hours).

Junior and senior years: Silviculture (two hours through one year; field work equivalent to eight hours through a half year); forest measurements (half year, two hours; field work, half year, four hours); lumbering (half year, one hour; two weeks in lumber camp); forest management (quarter year, two hours); thesis work in forest management (half year, ten hours).

The woodland belonging to the university, together with adjacent land covered by a young forest, furnishes a field for the study of forest problems. Instruction is given by Samuel N. Spring, M. F., professor of forestry, and M. B. Cummings, M. S., instructor in botany.

Maryland Agricultural College.-Instruction in forestry is provided in the senior year, twelve weeks, three periods per week. The text-books are Roth's First Book of Forestry and Pinchot's Primer of Forestry. Instruction is given by W. N. Hutt, B. S. A., professor of horticulture.

Harvard University (Massachusetts).—Instruction is offered as follows: Elements of silviculture (half year, twice a week, with additional hours for field work); practical silviculture (half year, twice a week, with additional hours for field work); forest measurements (half year, twice a week, with additional hours for field and laboratory work); forest botany (twice a week through the year, with additional hours for field work); forest protection (half year, twice a week); forest history (half year, twice a week); lumbering (twice a week through the year); forest management (twice a week through the year, with additional hours for field work). The staff consists of Richard T. Fisher, M. F., and Austin Cary, A. M., assistant professors of forestry; Ralph C. Hawley, M. F., instructor in forestry; Daniel A. Clarke, B. A. S., and John G. Jack, instructors in forest botany.

Michigan Agricultural College. The forestry course extends through four years, the freshman and sophomore years being the same as for agricultural students. In the junior and senior years the technical work in forestry requires from five to ten hours per week. The instruction in forestry is as follows: Sophomore year: Elements of forestry (twelve weeks, two hours).

Junior year: Principles of forestry (twenty-four weeks, three hours); forest botany (through the year, two hours of class work, four hours of field work); wood technology (twelve weeks, eight hours of laboratory work); silviculture (twelve weeks, three hours of class work, four hours of field work).

Senior year: Forest mensuration (twelve weeks, eight hours of field work); economics of forestry (twelve weeks, two hours); forest protection and regulation (six weeks, two hours); diseases of trees (six weeks, two hours); investigation (twelve weeks, four hours, and twelve weeks, six hours); forest valuation (twelve weeks, three hours). The professor of forestry is Ernest E. Bogue, M. S., A. M.

University of Michigan.-With the exception of the course entitled "Introduction to Forestry," the instruction in forestry is not open to undergraduate students, but is intended only for graduate students, aiming to make forestry a profession. The instruction is as follows: Introduction to forestry (one semester, three hours); silviculture (three semesters, three hours); forest mensuration and description (one semester, four hours); forest utilization (one semester, four hours); forest management (one year, five hours); dendrology (one semester, three hours); timber physics (one semester, three hours); seminary (one year). The teachers are Filibert Roth, B. S., professor of forestry, and C. A. Davis, A. M., instructor in forestry.

University of Minnesota.—The forestry course extends through four years and leads to the B. S. degree. The freshman year is the same as that for the other students of the college of agriculture. The instruction in forestry is as follows: Sophomore year: Forest entomology (one semester, three hours).

Junior year: Forest influence and utility (one semester, two hours); forest by-products (one semester, two hours); lumbering (one semester, two hours); wood technology and diseases of wood (one semester, three hours); forest mensuration and valuation (one semester, three hours); silviculture (one semester, two hours).

Senior year: Silviculture (one semester, three hours); forest economics (one semester, three hours); European forestry (one semester, one hour); forest administration (one semester, two hours); forest protection (one semester, two hours); fish culture, game protection (one semester, one hour); thesis, seminary in reading forestry literature (one semester, two hours).

Four practicums are required in the course, viz: In forest exploitation, forest working plans, forest mensuration, nursery practice. A thesis must be presented in each of the four subjects, giving the results of personal observation. Instruction is given by Samuel B. Green, B. S., professor of horticulture and forestry, and W. T. Cox, assistant instructor in forest valuation and lumbering.

Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College.-Instruction in forestry is given in the senior year of the course in horticulture; and research work in forestry is afforded to graduate students. The instruction is given by the department of horticulture, Alexander B. McKay, B. S., professor of horticulture. University of Missouri.-An elective lecture course in forestry is offered in which are considered the influence of forests on climate, soil, and the flow of streams; management of forests; forest geography; forest mensuration; characteristics and uses of typical wood; specific characters of our principal forest trees in their winter condition; brief review of principal diseases and insects