American Railroad Rates

amount average rates basis carload lots carried cars cents class rate classification common carrier common law competing competitive traffic confiscatory Congress consolidation constant expenses constitutional cost of service decline determine distance earnings effect Elkins law enforce equal mileage rates exist factor favor federal Fifth Amendment found unreasonable Fourteenth Amendment freight functions Granger movement haul increase Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce Commission joint costs Joint Traffic Association judicial legislative legislature less less than carload limited low rates lower rates maintain rates maximum rates ment miles obtain operation out-of-pocket expense particular personal discriminations pool pounds practice production profit provisions rail railroad rates Railway rate law rate-making reasonable rates reduced regulation result road seen ship shipments shipper stations statute Supreme Court tariffs tion toll ton-mile transportation U. S. Rep United unjust unreasonable charges value principle weight wholly