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Franchise Account.--Charge this account with the cost of repaving streets, over and above the repairs, which are chargeable to main. tenance of way.

Transportation.

Car Service. This account is charged with the wages paid conductors, motorneers, gripmen, inspectors, starters and others employed on or about the cars while in service.

Car Barn. The items chargeable to this account are, the wages of barn foremen, shifters, cleaners, inspectors, tools for same, and the cost of heating and lighting barns and sheds.

Oil and Waste.-Charge this account with the cost of all oil, grease, tallow and waste used in lubricating cars, motors, engines, shafting, winding drums, pumps in powerhouse, generators, and on the rope and carrying pulleys.

Supplies. The items chargeable to this account are, flags, lanterns, portable registers, switch stocks, conductors punches, and all other items not chargeable to repairs.

Wrecking, Sanding, Sweeping and Cleaning Conduit. This account is charged with sweeping track, cleaning conduit, and sanding, also the cost of removing obstructions and wrecks, replacing derailed cars, and cost of labor required.

Stable and Power House.-The wages of engineers, foremen, electricians, and all others employed in and about the stable or powerhouse are charged to this account.

Provender and Fuel.-This account is charged with the cost of feed, and the labor preparing same for use, the cost of bedding, medicine and veterinary services, also the cost of fuel used in power houses, including freight charges, water rents, and cost of pumping. Usually this account is sub-divided.

Maintenance of Way and Structures.

Repairs and Renewals of Road Bed and Track. This account is charged with the cost of rails, ties, paving blocks, sand, the wages paid roadmaster, foreman and laborers, in maintaining, repairing and placing new material for track, joints, switches, bonds, and supplementary wire, and tracks in buildings.

Repairs and Renewals of Overhead Construction. -The items chargeable to this account are, repairs and renewals of poles, wires and all insulating appliances.

Repairs and Renewals of Buildings, Docks and Wharves.— Charge this account with the cost of all material, and expense of distributing same, and all labor repairing buildings, stations, offices, car and repair shops, stables, scales, pits, turntables, cranes, wharves, powerhouse and other buildings used for railroad purposes

Repairs and Renewals of Cars, Sweepers, Snowplows and Other Vehicles. The items chargeable to this account are the cost of new cars purchased to make good any depreciation, the cost of material and labor in repairing, renewing, or rebuilding cars, trucks, grips, scrapers, wheels, axles, brakes, sand boxes, springs, pilots, journal boxes, etc.

Repairs and Renewals of Cables, Dies and Sheaves.-The cost of cables, splicing and placing the same in line, the cost of lining and renewing, carrying pulleys and terminal sheaves, are chargeable to this account.

Repairs of Harness and Stable Equipment.-This account is charged with the cost of material and labor in repairing harness, etc. Any new harness or stable equipment purchased to make good any depreciation, is also charged to this account.

Horse Shoeing.-Charge this account with the cost of all material and labor for shoeing horses and mules.

Renewals of Horses and Mules.-This account should be charged only with the cost of horses and mules purchased to replace those worn out.

Repairs of Electric Car Equipment.

Motor Armatures and Fields.-This account is charged with the cost of new armatures and fields purchased to make good any depreciation, also the cost of material and the labor of removing, repairing, replacing and making all connections, etc.

Gears and Pinions.-Charge this account with the cost of new gears and pinions necessary to replace those discarded, also the cost of renewals, repairs and the labor removing and replacing same.

Trolleys. New trolley wheels and poles used to replace those worn out or destroyed, and the cost of repairs, renewals and labor on same must be charged to this account.

Miscellaneous.-The items chargeable to this account are repairs and renewals of all auxiliary electric appliances, such as lightning arresters, switches, rheostats, brushes, fuses, pans, brush holders, and repairs of motors and fields not mentioned above. Strictly speaking, brushes and fuses are not repairs, and may be charged to supplies under the transportation expenses.

Repairs of Power Plant.

Steam Plant.-The cost of repairs to engines, pumps, boilers, steam pipe, belting and shafting, should be charged to this account.

Cable Plant.-This account is charged with the cost of repairs and renewals to winding drums, gears and tension apparatus.

Electric Plant.—This account is charged with the cost of renewals and repairs to generators, and their parts, with labor of removing and replacing; also renewals of switchboard equipment, and all connections.

Tools and Machinery.-Charge to this account the cost of repairs and renewals of car and repair shop equipment.

Miscellaneous. All expenses for maintenance of equipment not otherwise provided for, are charged to this account.

Fixed Charges.

Interest.-Payments made on account of funded or floating debt are charged to this account.

Rents. The rental paid for leased lines, power houses, buildings, stables, sheds, etc., for railroad purposes, must be charged to this account.

Taxes.-Charge to this account the taxes paid on property used in operating the road, on earnings, and capital stock.

Franchise Charges.-This account is charged with payments made to city on gross earnings, in consideration of franchise.

Assets and Liabilities.-The sub-divisions of these accounts are self-explanatory, and will need no further attention.

Having properly analyzed the accounts, the bookkeeping becomes a very simple matter. Three principle books only are required, the Voucher Record, Ledger and Cash Book. The common form of the Ledger will suffice, and needs no explanation. The Voucher Record,

as stated before, is identically the same as used in Electric Lighting, with headings changed. The Cash Book is similar to that used in Electric Lighting, however, a form is shown, a careful examination of which will reveal its usefulness without further explanations.

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The number of auxiliary books, report blanks, etc., will depend upon the size of the road, and the extent and number of departments into which the business is divided.

When supplies are received, they may be charged to the various operating accounts, to which they belong. At the end of the month, an inventory is taken of the supplies on hand, and deducted from the various accounts, the difference will show the amount of expenditure for such accounts. This will show what supplies are on

hand, and leave the accounts charged with the amounts used.

If the road is large, build and repair their own cars, then the material should be kept by a Stock keeper with a complete set of books. For a complete analysis of material, or store account, you are referred to the lesson on Electric Light Accounting.

Forms of reports of Operating Receipts, Expenditures, Financial and Comparative statements could have been shown in this lesson, but they have been omitted, and will be found in the lesson on Expert Examinations of Street Railways.

CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT.

Estate Accounting.

Estate Accounting is a subject of great importance, and one that should be thoroughly understood. It is not the purpose of this lesson to describe a system or give forms of the books used in keeping such accounts, but merely to point out the legal principles relating to accounts, as they should be understood by Executors, Administrators and Guardians, whose duty it is to administer property according to the will of a testator, or by order of the court.

The Disposal of Property by Will.

This gives rise to the subject of Estate Accounting, consequently the formation of Wills should receive attention first.

It is a very difficult matter to make an unobjectionable will. There are some blank forms for wills printed, but there are but few cases in which they can be applied, as wills are made under a great variety of circumstances. One may be called upon to make his own will, or for a friend or neighbor, under circumstances that would not permit delay, and it may be properly drawn where the author has a knowledge of the legal principles, but in every instance a competent lawyer, experienced in this branch of law, should be consulted whenever it is possible so to do.

Any person of full age and of sound mind and memory, and not under any restraint, having any property, personal or real, or any interest therein, may give and bequeath the same to any person by last will and testament lawfully executed. In some of our States minors may bequeath personal property; and a frequent limitation of the age for such bequests, is eighteen years for males, and sixteen years for females.

The testator should say dis inctly, in the beginning of the instrument, "that it is his last will," while the law gives effect to a last will always, it is well and usual to say "hereby revoking all former wills," provided, however, other wills have been made.

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